Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Opioid use for overall pregnancy cohort over study period.
- Figure 2
Mean opioid use, as morphine equivalents (MEQ), for opioid users over the study period. Mean MEQ = total MEQ divided by total weighted number of pregnancies among opioid users.
Tables
Group; weighted % of women* Characteristic Total cohort
n = 175 174Non-users
n = 161 766Users
n = 13 408Pregnancy type Live birth 99.3 99.4 99.0 Stillbirth or intrauterine death 0.7 0.6 1.0 Age at delivery, yr, median (IQR) 28 (23-32) 28 (23-32) 27 (23-32) Age at delivery, yr ≤ 19 9.0 9.1 7.0 20-24 21.3 20.8 26.7 25-29 29.7 29.7 29.6 30-34 26.5 26.7 24.2 ≥ 35 13.6 13.7 12.4 No. of past pregnancies, including current pregnancy 1 29.3 30.2 18.5 2 28.6 29.2 21.0 3 17.8 17.8 18.3 ≥ 4 24.2 22.7 42.3 No. of past deliveries† 0 37.6 38.7 24.7 1 32.0 32.4 27.3 2 15.7 15.4 19.3 ≥ 3 14.5 13.4 28.7 Interval between conception date and first pregnancy-related visit, d, median (IQR) 72 (52-93) 72 (52-93) 74 (52-101) Income quintile‡ 1 (lowest) 26.3 25.2 40.0 2 20.5 20.6 19.2 3 18.5 18.8 15.7 4 18.4 18.8 14.0 5 (highest) 15.9 16.4 10.7 Note: IQR = interquartile range.
*Except where indicated otherwise.
†Data on number of past deliveries were not available for 0.1% of the total cohort, 0.1% of non-users and 0.1% of users.
‡Data on income were not available for 0.4% of the total cohort, 0.4% of non-users and 0.3% of users.
Opioid use, % Average MEQ, mg Income quintile Any time during pregnancy After first pregnancy-related visit Overall Those using opioids after first pregnancy-related visit 1 (lowest) 11.7* 6.9* 773† 689‡ 2 7.2 4.6 720 615 3 6.5 4.3 543 497 4 5.8 3.9 562 486 5 (highest) 5.1* 3.7* 653† 668‡ Note: MEQ = morphine equivalents.
*p < 0.001 for comparison of quintiles 1 and 5.
†p = 0.5 for comparison of quintiles 1 and 5.
‡p = 0.9 for comparison of quintiles 1 and 5.
Opioid 2001 2013 Use,
no. (%) of women*MEQ, % of total Use,
no. (%) of women*MEQ,
% of totalAny opioid† n = 937 n = 1132 Codeine 922 (98.4) 87.8 1069 (94.4) 56.7 Fentanyl 0 (0) - S (< 1) < 1.0 Hydrocodone S (< 1.0) < 1.0 0 (0) - Hydromorphone S (< 1.0) < 1.0 11 (1.0) 5.3 Meperidine 15 (1.6) 4.3 S (< 1.0) < 1.0 Morphine S (< 1.0) 6.6 26 (2.3) 18.8 Oxycodone S (< 1.0) < 1.0 49 (4.3) 18.2 Tramadol 0 (0) - 29 (2.6) < 1.0 Note: MEQ = morphine equivalents, S = suppressed data (for privacy reasons, data are suppressed for any count greater than 1 but less than 5).
*Percentages may sum to more than 100% because some patients had multiple opioids dispensed.
†Buprenorphine, butorphanol and dextropropoxyphene were included in the analysis, but had no counts.
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