Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Exposure Theoretical minimum risk exposure level Active smoking None Passive smoking None Energy imbalance Overweight and obesity Body mass index < 25 kg/m2 Inadequate physical activity > 2.9 kcal/kg per d Diet Inadequate fruit and vegetable
consumption≥ 5 servings/d Inadequate fibre intake ≥ 23 g/d Red meat None Processed meat None Salt ≤ 5.75 g/d Inadequate calcium intake ≥ 1100 mg/d Inadequate vitamin D intake ≥ 600 IU/d Alcohol None Hormones Oral contraceptive None* Hormone replacement therapy None* Infection Epstein-Barr virus None Hepatitis B virus None Hepatitis C virus None Human papillomavirus None Helicobacter pylori None Environment Air pollution < 7.5 µg/m3 annual average exposure Natural ultraviolet radiation No sunburn in lifetime Artificial ultraviolet radiation No use of tanning equipment in past year Water disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes) < 50 µg/L Radon None *Ever use of oral contraceptives and ever/current use of hormone replacement therapy are protective for endometrial and ovarian cancer.
- Table 2: Proportion of incident cancer cases in Alberta in 2012 attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors*
Exposure Site; % of cases Lung Breast Larynx Colorectum Liver Esophagus Oral cavity and pharynx Pancreas Kidney Endometrium Gall bladder Bladder Stomach Ovary Prostate Cervix Leukemia Malignant melanoma Hodgkin's lymphoma All Active smoking 75.6 74.3 11.4 26.4 45.4 42.6 19.3 19.7 41.6 20.9 3.6 25.9 12.3 15.7 Physical inactivity 20.7 17.4 16.1 20.4 12.5 2.9 7.2 Excess body fat 8.0 12.2 30.9 6.7 17.3 30.3 20.3 4.3 Occupation† 4.0 Radon 16.7 2.6 Human papillomavirus‡ 25.4 100.0 2.0 Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption 3.3 18.2 40.0 24.7 18.6 1.8 Alcohol 3.0 11.4 5.5 4.1 11.3 16.6 1.7 Ever hormone replacement therapy use 15.5 -11.2 8.9 1.7 Inadequate vitamin D intake 1.9 9.2 1.4 Current hormone replacement therapy use 12.0 -5.4 7.8 1.3 Medical radiation24 1.0 Inadequate calcium intake 7.1 0.9 Oral contraceptive use 6.4 -57.4 -29.1 0.9 Excess red meat consumption 9.5 0.8 Inadequate fibre intake 6.0 0.7 Excess processed meat consumption 2.9 0.6 Natural ultraviolet radiation‡ 12.5 0.5 Helicobacter pylori‡ 22.6 0.4 Hepatitis B virus‡ 26.7 0.4 Epstein-Barr virus‡ 31.1 0.3 Air pollution 1.9 0.2 Excess salt 11.7 0.2 Hepatitis C virus‡ 15.7 0.2 Disinfection by-products‡ 2.5 0.1 Passive smoking 5.2 0 Artificial ultraviolet radiation‡ 1.9 0 All exposures 85.5 49.7 81.4 57.0 56.4 79.9 73.1 24.7 33.6 80.1 20.3 43.1 56.0 49.8 2.9 100.0 12.3 14.2 31.1 40.8 *Cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and nasopharynx were also included in the summary analysis but are not displayed in the table.
†Paul Demers, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario: personal communication, 2015.
‡Unpublished data.