Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently
do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known …

In this review we examine the hypothesis that aquatic birds are the primordial source of all
influenza viruses in other species and study the ecological features that permit the …

At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2;
SARS-CoV-2) was detected in Wuhan, China, that spread rapidly around the world, with …

The ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic of 1918–19 was the most devastating outbreak of infectious
disease in recorded history. At least 20 million people 1 died from their illness, which was …

The persistence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in many Asian countries and their ability to
cause fatal infections in humans have raised serious concerns about a global flu pandemic …

Influenza A viruses cause recurrent outbreaks at local or global scale with potentially severe
consequences for human health and the global economy. Recently, a new strain of …

Although more than 100 people have been infected by H5N1 influenza A viruses, human-to-human
transmission is rare 1 . What are the molecular barriers limiting human-to-human …

The emergence of the highly transmissible B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is concerning for antibody countermeasure …

Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that have claimed the
lives of millions. The emergence of new strains will continue to pose challenges to public …

H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread to numerous countries in Asia, Europe and Africa,
infecting not only large numbers of poultry, but also an increasing number of humans, often …