Logistic regression models assessing the association between sociodemographic characteristics and unmet health care needs during the COVID-19 pandemic as reported by participants during the CLSA COVID-19 exit survey (September–December 2020)
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Any challenges in accessing health care | Did not go to the hospital or to see a doctor even though they needed to | Experienced barriers to accessing testing for SARS-CoV-2 | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) |
| Age, yr | |||
| 50–55 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 55–64 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) |
| 65–74 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.59 (0.45–0.77) |
| 75–84 | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | 0.59 (0.47–0.74) | 0.45 (0.34–0.60) |
| 85–96 | 0.52 (0.43–0.62) | 0.51 (0.36–0.68) | 0.37 (0.25–0.55) |
| Region | |||
| Atlantic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Quebec | 0.48 (0.43–0.54) | 1.38 (1.19–1.61) | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) |
| Ontario | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 3.40 (2.68–4.32) |
| Prairies | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.74 (0.63–0.87) | 1.92 (1.48–2.48) |
| British Columbia | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 2.37 (1.84–3.06) |
| Urban or rural | |||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) |
| Racial background | |||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not white | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) |
| Immigrant status | |||
| Nonimmigrant | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Immigrant | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) |
| Household income, $ | |||
| < 20 000 | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) | 1.52 (1.18–1.97) | 0.66 (0.46–0.97) |
| 20 000–49 999 | 0.80 (0.73–0.89) | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 0.56 (0.45–0.69) |
| 50 000–99 999 | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 0.56 (0.47–0.68) |
| 100 000–149 999 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.68 (0.56–0.83) |
| ≥ 150 000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education | |||
| < Secondary school | 0.58 (0.50–0.69) | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) |
| Secondary school | 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.52 (0.39–0.67) |
| Some postsecondary | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.09 (0.90–1.30) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) |
| ≥ Postsecondary diploma | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or living with a partner | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Single, never married or never lived with a partner | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 1.16 (0.98–1.38) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) |
| Widowed | 0.76 (0.70–0.84) | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 0.72 (0.56–0.94) |
| Divorced or separated | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.40 (1.21–1.61) | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) |
| Chronic conditions | |||
| Absent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Present | 1.35 (1.27–1.43) | 1.45 (1.31–1.61) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) |
| Dwelling type | |||
| House | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Apartment | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) |
| Other | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) |
| Work status | |||
| Do not work outside the home | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Usually work outside the home | 1.07 (1.01–1.15) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) |
| Unmet needs (prepandemic) | |||
| Yes | 2.21 (2.00–2.44) | 2.91 (2.55–3.33) | 1.77 (1.45–2.16) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, Ref. = reference category.