Relative rates of antimicrobial use among children (0–17 yr) and adults (≥ 18 yr) according to category of chronic disease, age and sex, April 2014 to March 2017
| Variable | Children (rate of prescriptions per 1000 individual-years) | Adults (rate of prescriptions per 1000 individual-years) | Adults (defined daily doses per DID) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude rate ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio* (95% CI) | Crude rate ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio* (95% CI) | Crude rate ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio* (95% CI) | |
| Chronic diseases† | ||||||
| No chronic disease | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Cardiovascular diseases | – | – | 1.35 (1.34–1.36) | 1.31 (1.30–1.32) | 1.30 (1.29–1.31) | 1.33 (1.32–1.34) |
| Mental disorders | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.22 (1.20–1.24) | 1.52 (1.51–1.53) | 1.48 (1.46–1.49) | 1.25 (1.24–1.25) | 1.24 (1.23–1.24) |
| Respiratory diseases | 1.20 (1.18–1.22) | 1.62 (1.59–1.65) | 2.12 (2.10–2.13) | 2.09 (2.07–2.10) | 2.19 (2.18–2.21) | 2.18 (2.17–2.20) |
| Diabetes | 1.51 (1.18–1.94) | 2.02 (1.58–2.57) | 1.37 (1.35–1.38) | 1.40 (1.38–1.41) | 1.24 (1.23–1.26) | 1.27 (1.26–1.28) |
| Age group, yr | ||||||
| 0–1 | Ref. | Ref. | – | – | – | – |
| 2–4 | 0.70 (0.69–0.71) | 0.68 (0.67–0.69) | – | – | – | – |
| 5–9 | 0.46 (0.45–0.46) | 0.42 (0.42–0.43) | – | – | – | – |
| 10–17 | 0.30 (0.30–0.31) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | – | – | – | – |
| 18–29 | – | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 30–39 | – | – | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| 40–49 | – | – | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| 50–64 | – | – | 1.18 (1.17–1.19) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 1.16 (1.15–1.17) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) |
| 65–69 | – | – | 1.32 (1.31–1.34) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 1.28 (1.26–1.29) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| 70–79 | – | – | 1.57 (1.55–1.58) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.40 (1.38–1.41) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) |
| ≥ 80 | – | – | 2.06 (2.04–2.09) | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 1.48 (1.46–1.49) | 0.90 (0.88–0.91) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref. | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | – | 1.45 (1.44–1.47) | 1.41 (1.40–1.42) | 1.32 (1.31–1.33) | 1.29 (1.28–1.30) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, DID = 1000 individual-days, Ref. = reference category.
↵* The adjusted model for children is adjusted for age group. The adjusted models for adults are adjusted for age group and sex.
↵† Respiratory diseases include asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Mental disorders include many different disorders (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer disease). “No chronic disease” means that none of the other categories of chronic diseases are present.