Unadjusted rates of antimicrobial use, and ratios of extended-to-narrow–spectrum antimicrobials, per age group and category of chronic disease, April 2014 to March 2017
| Age group, yr | Antimicrobial | Diabetes | Respiratory diseases* | Mental disorders* | Cardiovascular diseases* | No chronic disease* | Total* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate† | DID‡ | Rate† | DID‡ | Rate† | DID‡ | Rate† | DID‡ | Rate† | DID‡ | Rate† | DID‡ | ||
| < 18 | Penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins | 537.5 | – | 552.8 | – | 468.7 | – | – | – | 485.6 | – | 490.0 | – |
| Extended-spectrum | 464.5 | – | 503.3 | – | 421.3 | – | – | – | 454.4 | – | 455.7 | – | |
| Narrow-spectrum | 73.0 | – | 49.5 | – | 47.3 | – | – | – | 31.1 | – | 34.3 | – | |
| Other antimicrobials | 313.0 | – | 94.6 | – | 102.2 | – | – | – | 36.4 | – | 48.0 | – | |
| Total antimicrobial use | 850.5 | – | 647.4 | – | 570.9 | – | – | – | 522.0 | – | 538.0 | – | |
| Extended-to-narrow ratio | 6.4 | – | 10.2 | – | 8.9 | – | – | – | 14.6 | – | 13.3 | – | |
| Individual-years | 2971 | – | 140567 | – | 134733 | – | – | – | 1008512 | 1259833 | – | ||
| 18–64 | Penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins | 530.0 | 12.1 | 566.8 | 14.3 | 450.8 | 10.6 | 438.3 | 10.4 | 233.4 | 5.5 | 309.4 | 7.4 |
| Extended-spectrum | 405.9 | 10.2 | 469.4 | 12.8 | 352.2 | 9.1 | 343.8 | 9.0 | 176.8 | 4.6 | 239.8 | 6.4 | |
| Narrow-spectrum | 124.1 | 1.9 | 97.4 | 1.5 | 98.6 | 1.5 | 94.5 | 1.4 | 56.6 | 0.9 | 69.5 | 1.1 | |
| Other antimicrobials | 549.2 | 9.6 | 451.1 | 9.1 | 412.2 | 8.1 | 417.0 | 7.8 | 147.0 | 3.4 | 230.3 | 4.9 | |
| Total antimicrobial use | 1079.2 | 21.7 | 1017.9 | 23.4 | 863.0 | 18.7 | 855.3 | 18.2 | 380.5 | 8.9 | 539.7 | 12.3 | |
| Extended-to-narrow ratio | 3.3 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 8.5 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 5.9 | |
| Individual-years | 371353 | – | 785021 | – | 753880 | – | 891555 | – | 3 208 409 | – | 5281026 | – | |
| ≥ 65 | Penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins | 480.5 | 9.9 | 729.4 | 16.4 | 487.5 | 9.7 | 427.9 | 9.1 | 204.2 | 5.0 | 379.2 | 8.4 |
| Extended-spectrum | 372.5 | 8.4 | 623.4 | 15.0 | 382.9 | 8.4 | 340.3 | 7.9 | 159.3 | 4.3 | 302.9 | 7.3 | |
| Narrow-spectrum | 107.9 | 1.5 | 105.9 | 1.4 | 104.5 | 1.4 | 87.5 | 1.2 | 44.9 | 0.7 | 76.2 | 1.1 | |
| Other antimicrobials | 583.6 | 9.5 | 754.8 | 13.0 | 722.0 | 10.3 | 508.9 | 8.6 | 203.2 | 4.1 | 435.4 | 7.6 | |
| Total antimicrobial use | 1064.1 | 19.4 | 1484.2 | 29.5 | 1209.5 | 20.1 | 936.8 | 17.7 | 407.4 | 9.1 | 814.6 | 16.0 | |
| Extended-to-narrow ratio | 3.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 10.4 | 3.7 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 6.9 | |
| Individual-years | 928714 | – | 930081 | – | 596537 | – | 2673545 | – | 768184 | – | 3841359 | – | |
Note: DID = 1000 individual-days.
↵* Respiratory diseases include asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Mental disorders include many different disorders (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, Alzheimer disease). “No chronic disease” means that none of the other categories of chronic diseases are present. Individuals with more than 1 chronic disease were included in all the relevant categories of chronic diseases; consequently, the total values are not equal to the sum of the values for each category of chronic diseases.
↵† Unless indicated otherwise. Rate of antimicrobial use in prescriptions per 1000 individual-years.
↵‡ Rate of antimicrobial use in defined daily doses per DID.