Table 3:

Study resource utilization and mean unit costs

Resource	Remdesivir group total resource use n = 634	Usual care group total resource use n = 647	Difference in total resource use	Unit cost,^* mean per resource use, $	SD,^† $	Total cost difference, between arms, $
Study-related drugs (unit cost size, standard/medium dose and duration)
Remdesivir (US$2340 per 5-day course × Can$1.25 conversion)^‡	634	0	634	2925.00	0	1 854 450.00
Other medications (unit cost size, standard/medium dose and duration)
Ceftriaxone days (1 g, 1 g IV daily)^§	2114	2303	−189	14.83	4.04	2808.85
Azithromycin IV days (500-mg vials, 500 mg × 1, then 250 mg IV daily)^§	2500	2632	−133	0.98	0.05	−129.87
Piperacillin–tazobactam days (3.375-g vials, 3.375 g IV every 6 hr)^§	5156	6814	−1658	29.69	3.67	−12 300.53
Vancomycin days (500-mg vials, 15 mg/kg × 85-kg load,^¶ then 1g IV every 12 hr)^§	2141	2044	97	77.06	14.89	1861.46
Imipenem–cilastatin days (500-mg vials, 500 mg IV every 6 hr)^§	5746	7929	−2182	88.33	10.01	−48 187.67
Dexamethasone IV doses (10-mg vials)^‡	18 207	25 564	−7357	3.99	0.94	−15 771.40
Dexamethasone PO doses (4-mg tablets)^‡	25 315	29 171	−3856	0.40	0.17	−1061.00
Hydrocortisone IV doses (100-mg vials)^‡	34 780	27 790	6990	3.90	0.90	30 471.16
Methylprednisolone IV doses (100-mg vials)^‡	6007	11 410	−5403	13.43	0	−72 540.14
Prednisone PO doses (5-mg tablets)^‡	6038	14 747	−8710	0.04	0.01	−337.78
Micafungin IV days (100-mg vial, 200 mg IV × 1, then 100 mg IV daily)^§	430	345	85	196.00	0	8820.00
Tocilizumab IV days (400-mg vial, 400 mg × 1)^‡	29	28	1	212.01	28.88	279.76
Phenytoin IV (100-mg vial, 15 mg/kg IV load, then 100 mg IV every 8 hr)	0	131	−131	6.32	0.14	−819.13
Amiodarone IV (200-mg vial, 1 mg/min × 18 h, then 0.5 mg/min × 30 h)	312	351	−39	0.37	0	−14.45
Dalteparin VTE (DVT/PE) IV (125 units/kg × 85 kg^¶)	3	10	−7	52.47	37.67	−4613.73
Dobutamine IV days (2.5 μg/kg/min IV)^§	45	17	28	3.42	0.29	94.05
Norepinephrine IV days (4-mg vials, 0.05 μg/kg/min)^§	399	448	−49	4.11	0.36	−159.08
Norepinephrine IV days (4-mg vials, 0.15 μg/kg/min)^§	191	323	−132	12.34	0.36	−1564.67
Propofol IV days (200-mg vials, 50 μg/kg/min)^§	1410	1985	−575	356.92	0	−205 228.08
Midazolam IV days (5-mg vials, 5 mg/h)^§	1410	1985	−575	100.37	0.12	−55 538.93
Hydromorphone IV days (2-mg vials, 2 mg/h)^§	1410	1985	−575	45.29	0.25	−26 385.20
Rocuronium IV days (50-mg vial, 10 μg/kg/min)^§	399	477	−78	374.32	0.76	−28 645.42
Laboratories, investigations and radiology (per test)
Complete blood count^§	7747	7823	−76	7.81	5.99	1065.24
Arterial blood gas^§	4680	6090	−1410	63.21	90.59	−116 961.05
Creatinine^§	7747	7823	−76	5.98	6.72	−2910.02
Chest radiograph^§	994	1019	−25	28.05	18.72	−666.93
SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal/nasal swab^‡	730	750	−20	125.00	0	−2500.00
SARS-CoV-2 throat swab^‡	67	92	−25	125.00	0	−3125.00
Sputum microbiology^‡	664	675	−11	18.02	11.03	−6.13
Bronchoalveolar lavage culture^‡	6	4	2	18.54	10.53	279.65
Viral nucleic acid test^‡	969	986	−17	87.50	0	−875.00
CT chest^§	3	10	−7	135.86	68.87	−1373.02
CT head^§	8	4	4	124.32	61.40	−352.26
Electroencephalogram^‡	0	2	−2	201.14	65.96	−457.28
Transthoracic echocardiogram^‡	0	0	0	160.37	52.32	0
Personnel
ICU physician (per day)^‡	2340	3045	−705	254.70	128.22	−179 562.98
Ward physician (per day)^‡	5388	4773	615	48.73	16.30	29 966.92
ICU nurse (1:1 nurse/patient ratio, per day)^‡	2340	3045	−705	975.70	5.63	−740 902.11
Ward nurse (1:4 nurse/patient ratio, per day)^‡	5388	4773	615	228.72	4.69	144 619.57
Pharmacist (per hour per day)^§	2340	3045	−705	46.18	2.44	−32 559.09
Respiratory therapist (per hour)^§	2340	3045	−705	34.93	6.45	−24 626.71
Physical therapist (per hour)^§	2340	3045	−705	37.37	5.12	−26 349.26
Social work (per hour)^§	2340	3045	−705	37.09	5.63	−26 147.48
Dietician (per hour)^§	2340	3045	−705	38.38	5.09	−27 059.45
Unit clerk (per hour)^§	2340	3045	−705	28.64	5.63	−20 194.58
Procedures and surgeries
Noninvasive ventilation days^‡	234	327	−93	111.58	55.62	−9403.60
IMV days^‡	1410	1985	−575	116.03	55.02	−41 360.57
Intubations^‡	104	143	−39	73.23	57.66	−2855.92
Tracheostomies^§	18	29	−11	289.42	94.08	−3563.00
Proning days^‡	906	1282	−376	64.80	0	−24 364.80
Arterial catheterization^§	241	262	−21	37.86	8.86	−905.76
Central venous catheterization^§	104	143	−39	42.75	15.19	−1763.87
Chest tube insertions^§	7	5	2	105.02	39.51	142.75
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation days^‡	5	9	−4	617.14	439.34	−9899.84
Intermittent hemodialysis central venous catheterization^‡	25	22	3	121.52	65.72	570.16
Dialysis days^‡	204	239	−35	144.41	72.18	−4157.73
Bronchoscopies^‡	6	4	2	142.18	55.01	284.36
Pulmonary vasodilators (iNO) days^‡	18	47	−29	3000.00	0	−87 000.00
Esophagealgastroduodenoscopy^§	6	1	5	149.07	68.04	855.72
Hoteling costs
ICU days^‡	2340	3045	−705	3495.24	1438.80	−2 099 573.60
High dependency unit days^‡	19	5	14	3495.24	1438.80	74 991.68
Ward days^‡	5388	4773	615	1045.94	358.91	819 284.92

Note: CT = computed tomography, DVT = deep vein thrombosis, ICU = intensive care unit, IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation, iNO = inhaled nitric oxide, IV = intravenous, PE = pulmonary embolism, PO = by mouth, SD = standard deviation, VTE = venous thromboembolism.
↵* Sources: provincial (British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) databases (formularies, schedule of benefits), Sunnybrook Hospital/Research Institute (mean unit costs across all jurisdictions).
↵† Standard deviation is for the unit cost for each line-item between the various jurisdictions (provincial in Canada).
↵‡ Resource use directly drawn from CATCO case-report form.
↵§ Assumption used to estimate resource utilization of line-item.
↵¶ Standard weight-based dosing assumption (85 kg).