Pulmonary complications and management among patients hospitalized with COVID-19
| Complications and management | No. (%)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All patients n = 100 | Non-ICU patients n = 68 | ICU patients n = 32 | |
| Clinical parameters | |||
| PF ratio < 150 mm Hg | NA | NA | 27/32 (84.4) |
| Duration of PF ratio < 150 mm Hg, d, median (IQR) | NA | NA | 8 (4–15) |
| CT chest findings† | |||
| Localized ground-glass opacities | 4/26 (15.4) | 3/12 (25) | 1/14 (7.1) |
| Diffuse ground-glass opacities | 14/26 (53.8) | 5/12 (41.7) | 9/14 (64.3) |
| Unilateral consolidation or infiltration | 2/26 (7.7) | 1/12 (8.3) | 1/14 (7.1) |
| Bilateral consolidation or infiltration | 14/26 (53.8) | 7/12 (58.3) | 7/14 (50.0) |
| Unilateral pleural effusion | 2/26 (7.7) | 0/12 (0) | 2/14 (14.3) |
| Bilateral pleural effusion | 3/26 (11.5) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1/14 (7.1) |
| Emphysematous changes or bronchiectasis | 4/26 (15.4) | 2/12 (16.7) | 2/14 (14.3) |
| Scarring or fibrosis | 4/26 (15.4) | 0/12 (0) | 4/14 (28.6) |
| Organizing pneumonia pattern | 2/26 (7.7) | 1/12 (8.3) | 1/14 (7.1) |
| Lung ultrasonography findings‡ | |||
| Irregular pleural line | 26/30 (86.7) | 5/7 (71.4) | 21/23 (91.3) |
| Alveolar-interstitial syndrome (B-lines) | 28/30 (93.3) | 5/7 (71.4) | 23/23 (100) |
| Consolidation | 12/30 (40) | 0/6 (0) | 12/24 (50.0) |
| Unilateral | 2/12 (16.7) | 0/6 (0) | 2/12 (16.7) |
| Bilateral | 10/12 (83.3) | 0/6 (0) | 10/12 (83.3) |
| Moderate–large pleural effusion | 2/30 (6.7) | 0/7 (0) | 2/23 (8.7) |
| Respiratory therapies | |||
| Received oxygen therapy | 79/100 (79.0) | 47/68 (69.1) | 32/32 (100.0) |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 23/100 (23.0) | 5/68 (7.4) | 18/32 (56.3) |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 9/100 (9.0) | 1/68 (1.5) | 8/32 (25.0) |
| Invasive ventilation | 24/100 (24.0) | 0/68 (0) | 24/32 (75.0) |
| Duration of invasive and noninvasive ventilation in ICU, d, median (IQR) | NA | NA | n = 27 14 (10–22) |
| Prone positioning | 17/98 (17.3) | 4/68 (5.9) | 13/30 (43.3) |
| Neuromuscular blocking agents | NA | NA | 18/32 (56.3) |
| Steroids for respiratory failure | 8/100 (8.0) | 4/68 (5.9) | 4/32 (12.5) |
| VV-ECMO | NA | NA | 2/32 (6.3) |
Note: CT = computed tomography, ICU = intensive care unit, IQR = interquartile range, NA = not applicable, PF ratio = Pao2/Fio2 ratio, VV-ECMO = venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
↵* Unless stated otherwise.
↵† Results reflect CT done during hospitalization.
↵‡ Results reflect lung ultrasonography done during hospitalization.