Baseline characteristics of Cohort 1 individuals with and without baseline diabetes by immigration status
| Characteristic | Immigrant | Nonimmigrant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) of participants with diabetes n = 616 | No. (%) of participants without diabetes n = 3150 | No. (%) of participants with diabetes n = 2639 | No. (%) of participants without diabetes n = 14 318 | |
| Age, yr | ||||
| 45–60 | 141 (22.9) | 1173 (37.2) | 893 (33.8) | 7050 (49.2) |
| 61–70 | 236 (38.3) | 1050 (33.3) | 969 (36.7) | 4224 (29.5) |
| 71–85 | 239 (38.8) | 927 (29.4) | 777 (29.4) | 3044 (21.3) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 408 (66.2) | 1743 (55.3) | 1551 (58.8) | 7167 (50.1) |
| Female | 208 (33.8) | 1407 (44.7) | 1088 (41.2) | 7151 (49.9) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 27 (4.4) | 149 (4.7) | 234 (8.9) | 1176 (8.2) |
| Married | 455 (73.9) | 2405 (76.3) | 1834 (69.5) | 10407 (72.7) |
| Widowed, divorced or separated | 134 (21.8) | 595 (18.9) | 571 (21.6) | 2731 (19.1) |
| Missing | – | 1 (0.0) | – | 4 (0.0) |
| Language most spoken at home | ||||
| French | 31 (5.0) | 205 (6.5) | 541 (20.5) | 3171 (22.1) |
| English | 492 (79.9) | 2597 (82.4) | 2092 (79.3) | 11114 (77.6) |
| Other | 55 (8.9) | 254 (8.1) | 3 (0.1) | 17 (0.2) |
| Missing | 38 (6.2) | 94 (3.0) | 3 (0.1) | 16 (0.1) |
| Ethnic or racial background | ||||
| White | 464 (75.3) | 2640 (83.8) | 2596 (98.4) | 14166 (98.9) |
| Black | 36 (5.8) | 89 (2.8) | 8 (0.3) | 19 (0.1) |
| South Asian | 50 (8.1) | 122 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.0) |
| Chinese | 24 (3.9) | 107 (3.4) | 8 (0.3) | 37 (0.3) |
| Other | 42 (6.8) | 188 (6.0) | 25 (0.9) | 80 (0.6) |
| Missing | – | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) |
| Years since arrival to Canada | ||||
| < 20 | 42 (6.8) | 396 (12.6) | – | – |
| 20–40 | 162 (26.3) | 781 (24.8) | – | – |
| > 40 | 412 (66.9) | 1973 (62.6) | – | – |
| Total household income, $ | ||||
| < 20 000 | 29 (4.7) | 82 (2.6) | 140 (5.3) | 432 (3.0) |
| 20 000–50 000 | 141 (22.9) | 589 (18.7) | 641 (24.3) | 2435 (17.0) |
| 50 000–100 000 | 245 (39.8) | 1076 (34.2) | 927 (35.1) | 4786 (33.4) |
| > 100 000 | 163 (26.5) | 1180 (37.5) | 779 (29.5) | 5855 (40.9) |
| Missing | 38 (6.1) | 223 (7.0) | 152 (5.8) | 810 (5.7) |
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 158 (25.6) | 1333 (42.3) | 826 (31.3) | 6368 (44.5) |
| Unemployed | 29 (4.7) | 111 (3.5) | 72 (2.7) | 468 (3.3) |
| Retired | 429 (69.6) | 1699 (54.0) | 1732 (65.6) | 7453 (52.1) |
| Missing | – | 7 (0.2) | 9 (0.3) | 29 (0.2) |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than secondary school | 20 (3.2) | 77 (2.4) | 188 (7.1) | 590 (4.1) |
| Secondary school | 51 (8.3) | 195 (6.2) | 316 (12.0) | 1275 (8.9) |
| Postsecondary degree or diploma | 541 (87.8) | 2870 (91.1) | 2134 (80.9) | 12436 (86.9) |
| Missing | 4 (0.6) | 8 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) | 17 (0.1) |
| Place of residence* | ||||
| Rural | 58 (9.4) | 310 (9.8) | 365 (13.8) | 1849 (12.9) |
| Urban | 551 (89.4) | 2799 (88.9) | 2239 (84.8) | 12303 (85.9) |
| Missing | 7 (1.1) | 41 (1.3) | 35 (1.4) | 166 (1.2) |
| Province | ||||
| Quebec | 65 (10.6) | 365 (11.6) | 536 (20.3) | 3199 (22.3) |
| British Columbia | 189 (30.7) | 996 (31.6) | 538 (20.4) | 2736 (19.1) |
| Ontario | 169 (27.4) | 869 (27.6) | 551 (20.9) | 2920 (20.4) |
| Other† | 193 (31.3) | 920 (29.2) | 1014 (38.4) | 5463 (38.2) |
| Medical conditions‡ | ||||
| Living with pain | 226 (36.7) | 944 (30.0) | 1055 (40.0) | 4260 (29.8) |
| Bowel disorders | 41 (6.7) | 227 (7.2) | 224 (8.5) | 1135 (7.9) |
| Arthritis | 16 (2.6) | 83 (2.6) | 109 (4.1) | 355 (2.5) |
| Heart disease | 370 (60.1) | 1007 (32.0) | 1552 (58.8) | 4353 (30.4) |
| Kidney disease | 36 (5.8) | 66 (2.1) | 111 (4.2) | 292 (2.0) |
| Stroke | 11 (1.8) | 36 (1.1) | 65 (2.5) | 157 (1.1) |
| Cancer | 95 (15.4) | 475 (15.1) | 465 (17.6) | 2005 (14.0) |
| Hypertension | 355 (57.6) | 1081 (34.3) | 1530 (58.0) | 4851 (33.9) |
| Anxiety disorder | 17 (2.8) | 109 (3.5) | 137 (5.2) | 606 (4.2) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 92 (14.9) | 309 (9.8) | 340 (12.9) | 1209 (8.4) |
| About once a month | 141 (22.9) | 514 (16.3) | 608 (23.0) | 2255 (15.7) |
| 2–4 times a month | 115 (18.7) | 576 (18.3) | 588 (22.3) | 3160 (22.1) |
| > 2 times a week | 239 (38.8) | 1641 (52.1) | 1031 (39.1) | 7433 (51.9) |
| Missing | 29 (4.7) | 110 (3.5) | 72 (2.7) | 261 (1.8) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 297 (48.2) | 1691 (53.7) | 1088 (41.2) | 7184 (50.2) |
| Former smoker | 275 (44.6) | 1291 (41.0) | 1348 (51.1) | 6029 (42.1) |
| Smoker | 44 (7.1) | 168 (5.3) | 203 (7.7) | 1105 (7.7) |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Satisfied or very satisfied | 373 (60.6) | 2014 (63.9) | 1615 (61.2) | 9114 (63.7) |
| Neutral | 116 (18.8) | 513 (16.3) | 388 (14.7) | 2158 (15.1) |
| Dissatisfied or very dissatisfied | 127 (20.6) | 617 (19.6) | 635 (24.1) | 3038 (21.2) |
| Missing | – | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 8 (0.1) |
| Nutritional risk status | ||||
| Low risk | 394 (64.0) | 2256 (71.6) | 1577 (59.8) | 10 128 (70.7) |
| High risk | 201 (32.6) | 796 (25.3) | 1008 (38.2) | 3919 (27.4) |
| Missing | 21 (3.4) | 98 (3.1) | 54 (2.0) | 271 (1.9) |
| Weight classification§ | ||||
| Normal weight | 112 (18.2) | 1193 (37.9) | 383 (14.5) | 4827 (33.7) |
| Overweight | 248 (40.3) | 1312 (41.7) | 967 (36.6) | 6086 (42.5) |
| Obese | 253 (41.1) | 638 (20.3) | 1277 (48.4) | 3365 (23.5) |
| Missing | 3 (0.5) | 7 (0.2) | 12 (0.5) | 40 (0.3) |
↵* The place of residence classification (urban or rural) was derived by CLSA based on Statistics Canada’s Postal Code Conversion File, which defines rural areas as those with a total population of fewer than 10 000 people.
↵† Other provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Saskatchewan.
↵‡ Missing data on medical conditions: living with pain (n = 262, 1.3%), bowel disorders (n = 49, 0.2%), arthritis (n = 168, 0.8%), heart disease (n = 27, 0.1%), kidney disease (n = 41, 0.2%), stroke (n = 35, 0.2%), cancer (n = 19, 0.1%), hypertension (n = 2472, 11.9%), anxiety disorder (n = 25, 0.1%).
↵§ Based on body mass index international classification for adults aged ≥ 18 years.