Baseline characteristics of Cohort 2 individuals with and without depression by immigration status
| Characteristic | Immigrant | Nonimmigrant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) of participants with depression n = 762 | No. (%) of participants without depression n = 3151 | No. (%) of participants with depression n = 3797 | No. (%) of participants without depression n = 14 344 | |
| Age, yr | ||||
| 45–60 | 325 (42.7) | 1173 (37.2) | 1941 (51.1) | 7053 (49.2) |
| 61–70 | 235 (30.8) | 1048 (33.3) | 1087 (28.6) | 4228 (29.5) |
| 71–85 | 202 (26.5) | 930 (29.5) | 769 (20.3) | 3063 (21.4) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 266 (34.9) | 1741 (55.3) | 1351 (35.6) | 7175 (50.0) |
| Female | 496 (65.1) | 1410 (44.7) | 2446 (64.4) | 7169 (50.0) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 68 (8.9) | 149 (4.7) | 485 (12.8) | 1178 (8.2) |
| Married | 465 (61.0) | 2403 (76.3) | 2223 (58.5) | 10417 (72.6) |
| Widowed, divorced or separated | 227 (29.8) | 598 (19.0) | 1088 (28.7) | 2745 (19.1) |
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
| Language most spoken at home | ||||
| French | 65 (8.5) | 205 (6.5) | 925 (24.4) | 3174 (22.1) |
| English | 597 (78.3) | 2598 (82.5) | 2861 (75.3) | 11137 (77.6) |
| Other | 58 (7.6) | 254 (8.1) | 7 (0.2) | 17 (0.1) |
| Missing | 42 (5.5) | 94 (3.0) | 4 (0.1) | 16 (0.1) |
| Ethnic or racial background | ||||
| White | 629 (82.5) | 2641 (83.8) | 3758 (99.0) | 14191 (98.9) |
| Black | 24 (3.1) | 89 (2.8) | 8 (0.2) | 19 (0.1) |
| South Asian | 36 (4.7) | 122 (3.9) | 2 (0.1) | 6 (0.0) |
| Chinese | 17 (2.2) | 107 (3.4) | 7 (0.2) | 37 (0.3) |
| Other | 53 (7.0) | 188 (6.0) | 20 (0.5) | 81 (0.6) |
| Missing | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) |
| Years since arrival to Canada | ||||
| < 20 | 112 (14.7) | 395 (12.5) | – | – |
| 20–40 | 190 (24.9) | 783 (24.8) | – | – |
| > 40 | 460 (60.4) | 1973 (62.6) | – | – |
| Total household income, $ | ||||
| < 20 000 | 57 (7.5) | 82 (2.6) | 332 (8.7) | 436 (3.0) |
| 20 000–50 000 | 208 (27.3) | 591 (18.8) | 923 (24.3) | 2443 (17.0) |
| 50 000–100 000 | 246 (32.3) | 1075 (34.1) | 1217 (32.1) | 4794 (33.4) |
| > 100 000 | 194 (25.5) | 1180 (37.4) | 1088 (28.7) | 5854 (40.8) |
| Missing | 57 (7.5) | 223 (7.1) | 237 (6.2) | 817 (5.7) |
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 297 (39.0) | 1332 (42.3) | 1510 (39.8) | 6373 (44.4) |
| Unemployed | 71 (9.3) | 111 (3.5) | 313 (8.2) | 468 (3.3) |
| Retired | 393 (51.6) | 1701 (54.0) | 1964 (51.7) | 7474 (52.1) |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.2) | 10 (0.3) | 29 (0.2) |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than secondary school | 30 (3.9) | 76 (2.4) | 260 (6.8) | 595 (4.1) |
| Secondary school | 64 (8.4) | 196 (6.2) | 367 (9.7) | 1278 (8.9) |
| Postsecondary degree or diploma | 664 (87.1) | 2871 (91.1) | 3166 (83.4) | 12454 (86.8) |
| Missing | 4 (0.5) | 8 (0.3) | 4 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) |
| Place of residence* | ||||
| Rural | 75 (9.8) | 310 (9.8) | 453 (11.9) | 1850 (12.9) |
| Urban | 674 (88.5) | 2800 (88.9) | 3293 (86.7) | 12328 (85.9) |
| Missing | 13 (1.7) | 41 (1.3) | 51 (1.3) | 166 (1.2) |
| Province | ||||
| Quebec | 111 (14.6) | 365 (11.6) | 922 (24.3) | 3204 (22.3) |
| British Columbia | 227 (29.8) | 995 (31.6) | 665 (17.5) | 2735 (19.1) |
| Ontario | 223 (29.3) | 872 (27.7) | 855 (22.5) | 2921 (20.4) |
| Other† | 201 (26.4) | 919 (29.2) | 1355 (35.7) | 5484 (38.2) |
| Medical conditions‡ | ||||
| Living with pain | 366 (48.0) | 945 (30.0) | 1904 (50.1) | 4267 (29.7) |
| Bowel disorders | 105 (13.8) | 227 (7.2) | 582 (15.3) | 1136 (7.9) |
| Arthritis | 28 (3.7) | 83 (2.6) | 160 (4.2) | 354 (2.5) |
| Heart disease | 280 (36.7) | 1009 (32.0) | 1442 (38.0) | 4364 (30.4) |
| Kidney disease | 17 (2.2) | 67 (2.1) | 109 (2.9) | 294 (2.0) |
| Stroke | 15 (2.0) | 37 (1.2) | 67 (1.8) | 157 (1.1) |
| Cancer | 117 (15.4) | 474 (15.0) | 573 (15.1) | 2012 (14.0) |
| Hypertension | 283 (37.1) | 1080 (34.3) | 1457 (38.4) | 4870 (34.0) |
| Anxiety disorder | 119 (15.6) | 109 (3.5) | 919 (24.2) | 611 (4.3) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 101 (13.3) | 310 (9.8) | 528 (13.9) | 1218 (8.5) |
| About once a month | 171 (22.4) | 512 (16.2) | 756 (19.9) | 2259 (15.7) |
| 2–4 times a month | 150 (19.7) | 574 (18.2) | 827 (21.8) | 3166 (22.1) |
| > 2 times a week | 310 (40.7) | 1645 (52.2) | 1625 (42.8) | 7436 (51.8) |
| Missing | 30 (3.9) | 110 (3.5) | 61 (1.6) | 265 (1.8) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 377 (49.5) | 1690 (53.6) | 1644 (43.3) | 7200 (50.2) |
| Former smoker | 315 (41.3) | 1293 (41.0) | 1690 (44.5) | 6040 (42.1) |
| Smoker | 70 (9.2) | 168 (5.3) | 463 (12.2) | 1104 (7.7) |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Satisfied or very satisfied | 339 (44.5) | 2014 (63.9) | 1692 (44.6) | 9133 (63.7) |
| Neutral | 132 (17.3) | 513 (16.3) | 588 (15.5) | 2162 (15.1) |
| Dissatisfied or very dissatisfied | 291 (38.2) | 618 (19.6) | 1512 (39.8) | 3041 (21.2) |
| Missing | – | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) |
| Nutritional risk status | ||||
| Low risk | 381 (50.0) | 2256 (71.6) | 1772 (46.7) | 10147 (70.7) |
| High risk | 356 (46.7) | 797 (25.3) | 1941 (51.1) | 3924 (27.4) |
| Missing | 25 (3.3) | 98 (3.1) | 84 (2.2) | 273 (1.9) |
| Weight classification§ | ||||
| Normal weight | 264 (34.6) | 1194 (37.9) | 1205 (31.7) | 4838 (33.7) |
| Overweight | 310 (40.7) | 1313 (41.7) | 1423 (37.5) | 6094 (42.5) |
| Obese | 184 (24.1) | 637 (20.2) | 1144 (30.1) | 3372 (23.5) |
| Missing | 4 (0.5) | 7 (0.2) | 25 (0.7) | 40 (0.3) |
↵* The place of residence classification (urban or rural) was derived by CLSA based on Statistics Canada’s Postal Code Conversion File, which defines rural areas as those with a total population of fewer than 10 000 people.
↵† Other provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Saskatchewan.
↵‡ Missing data on medical conditions: living with pain (n = 293, 1.3%), bowel disorders (n = 51, 0.2%), arthritis (n = 197, 0.9%), heart disease (n = 33, 0.1%), kidney disease (n = 44, 0.2%), stroke (n = 37, 0.2%), cancer (n = 25, 0.1%), hypertension (n = 2438, 11.0%), anxiety disorder (n = 44, 0.2%).
↵§ Based on body mass index international classification for adults aged ≥ 18 years.