Table 4:

Evidence for the effect of legislation on firearm suicide by subgroups

BillStudyEntire populationMalesFemales
AllYounger*Older†
Bill C-51Mundt (1990)25IneffectualNot assessedNot assessedNot assessedNot assessed
Rich et al. (1990)26Not assessedBeneficialNot assessedNot assessedNot assessed
Carrington and Moyer (1994a)28BeneficialNot assessedNot assessedNot assessedNot assessed
Carrington and Moyer (1994b)29BeneficialNot assessedBeneficial‡IneffectualNot assessed
Leenaars et al. (1993, 1996,1997, 2003)18,20,21,23BeneficialBeneficialBeneficialBeneficial§Beneficial
Bill C-17Bridges (2004)31BeneficialNot assessedNot assessedNot assessedNot assessed
Caron (2004)32BeneficialBeneficialNot assessedNot assessedBeneficial
Cheung and Dewa (2005)33Not assessedNot assessedBeneficialNot assessedBeneficial
Caron and colleagues (2008)34IneffectualIneffectualNot assessedNot assessedIneffectual
Gagné and colleagues (2010)35Not assessedBeneficialBeneficialIneffectual§Not assessed
Langmann (2020)40Not assessedIneffectualIneffectual‡BeneficialBeneficial
Bill C-68Langmann (2020)40Not assessedIneffectualHarmful‡IneffectualIneffectual

  • ↵* Age 15–34 years.

  • ↵† Age ≥ 60 years.

  • ↵‡ Assessed younger men aged 15–29 years.

  • ↵§ Assessed older men aged ≥ 65 years.

  • ↵ Assessed males and females aged 15–19 years.