Table 2:

Model outputs from multilevel regression analysis

Variable	Payments, $			No. of patients			No. of visits			No. of visits per patient

	Estimate	SE	p value	Estimate	SE	p value	Estimate	SE	p value	Estimate	SE	p value
Female FPs v. male FPs^*	−11021.0	1721.4	< 0.0001	−494.4	18.0	< 0.0001	−986.1	36.0	< 0.0001	0.4	0.0	< 0.0001

Increase per year in male FPs

1992–2004	140.8	82.4	0.0876	27.7	0.8	< 0.0001	−2.7	1.6	0.0964	0.0	0.0	< 0.0001

2005–2013	18730.0	99.7	< 0.0001	−40.7	0.9	< 0.0001	−166.8	2.0	< 0.0001	0.0	0.0	< 0.0001

2014–2018	−9785.6	210.1	< 0.0001	−24.4	1.8	< 0.0001	−96.1	4.1	< 0.0001	−0.1	0.0	< 0.0001

Differences in slopes (increase per year) for female FPs v. male FPs

1992–2004	−10.1	133.4	0.9395	−0.5	1.1	0.6622	16.3	2.6	< 0.0001	0.0	0.0	0.6022

2005–2013	−5300.3	152.8	< 0.0001	17.7	1.3	< 0.0001	50.5	2.9	< 0.0001	0.0	0.0	0.3173

2014–2018	4866.0	318.6	< 0.0001	8.4	2.7	< 0.0001	37.8	6.1	< 0.0001	0.0	0.0	0.2625

Age, yr^†	550.1	41.5	< 0.0001	−22.4	0.5	< 0.0001	−4.2	0.9	< 0.0001	0.1	0.0	< 0.0001

No. of visits^†	28.5	0.1	< 0.0001	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

No. of patients^†	7.2	0.3	< 0.0001	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

No. of visits per patient^†	1136.1	96.8	< 0.0001	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

FTE^†	–	–	–	1458.8	5.1	< 0.0001	5229.7	11.4	< 0.0001	1.4	0.0	< 0.0001

Note: FP = family physician, FTE = full-time equivalent, SE = standard error.
↵* This is the difference when all covariates are set to their overall means and should not be interpreted as female FPs having $11 021 less earnings than male FPs.
↵† Variables centred at their overall means.