Adjusted negative binomial models on characteristics of emergency department visits among pain-driven visitors*
| Variable | Rate ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food security | Marginal food insecurity | Moderate food insecurity | Severe food insecurity | |
| Pain-driven ED visits, n = 12000† | ||||
| Total | Ref. | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 1.32 (1.15–1.50) |
| Multicause | Ref. | 1.16 (0.93–1.44) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.50 (1.19–1.88) |
| High acuity | Ref. | 1.06 (0.93–1.19) | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.37 (1.17–1.61) |
| After hours | Ref. | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 1.20 (1.04–1.40) | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) |
Note: CCHS = Canadian Community Health Survey; CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department; ICD-10-CA = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Canada; Ref. = reference category.
↵* All models are weighted by CCHS survey weights and adjusted for sex, age, race or ethnicity, immigrant status, highest education in household, housing tenure, household type, jurisdiction of residence, smoking status, past-year alcohol consumption, CCHS cycle and number of non–pain-driven ED visits in the year before.
↵† ”Pain-driven ED visits” refers to pain-driven ED visits during the past 12 months. “Multicause” refers to visits with any ICD-10-CA–coded joint cause beside the main cause. “High acuity” refers to visits requiring resuscitation, emergent or urgent care, rather than semiurgent or nonurgent treatment. “After hours” refers to pain-driven ED visits made between 00:00 and 7:59 from Mondays to Fridays or between 16:00 and 7:59 on Saturdays and Sundays.