Unadjusted and adjusted negative binomial models on past-year emergency department visits because of site-specific pain in overall sample (n = 212 300)*
| Variable | Rate ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food security | Marginal food insecurity | Moderate food insecurity | Severe food insecurity | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Migraine | Ref. | 2.72 (1.33–5.56) | 2.39 (1.16–4.91) | 4.04 (2.24–7.29) |
| Other headaches | Ref. | 1.48 (0.97–2.28) | 2.51 (1.62–3.87) | 3.24 (2.06–5.09) |
| Chest–throat pain | Ref. | 1.38 (0.99–1.92) | 1.92 (1.18–3.12) | 2.27 (1.80–2.86) |
| Abdomen–pelvis pain | Ref. | 1.62 (1.24–2.11) | 1.84 (1.45–2.34) | 3.32 (2.44–4.52) |
| Dorsalgia | Ref. | 1.53 (1.06–2.20) | 1.82 (1.35–2.45) | 3.13 (1.87–5.25) |
| Joint pain | Ref. | 1.42 (0.84–2.41) | 2.39 (1.14–5.01) | 3.55 (1.46–8.64) |
| Limb pain | Ref. | 1.07 (0.68–1.69) | 1.75 (1.09–2.81) | 1.99 (1.24–3.20) |
| Other pain | Ref. | 1.97 (0.82–4.71) | 2.87 (1.65–4.99) | 5.79 (2.78–12.04) |
| Adjusted | ||||
| Migraine | Ref. | 2.81 (1.62–4.88) | 2.00 (1.16–3.47) | 3.03 (1.81–5.06) |
| Other headaches | Ref. | 1.33 (0.91–1.95) | 2.26 (1.51–3.37) | 2.57 (1.63–4.05) |
| Chest–throat pain | Ref. | 1.48 (1.04–2.10) | 1.86 (1.31–2.65) | 1.94 (1.51–2.51) |
| Abdomen–pelvis pain | Ref. | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | 1.74 (1.23–2.44) |
| Dorsalgia | Ref. | 1.41 (0.97–2.04) | 1.56 (1.12–2.19) | 2.12 (1.22–3.68) |
| Joint pain | Ref. | 1.51 (0.84–2.74) | 1.94 (1.23–3.07) | 2.19 (1.22–3.96) |
| Limb pain | Ref. | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) | 1.60 (0.92–2.78) | 1.50 (0.91–2.48) |
| Other pain | Ref. | 2.08 (0.93–4.65) | 2.32 (1.19–4.53) | 4.33 (1.72–10.88) |
Note: CCHS = Canadian Community Health Survey, CI = confidence interval, ED = emergency department, Ref. = reference category.
↵* All models are weighted by CCHS survey weights. Adjusted negative binomial models adjusted for sex, age, race or ethnicity, immigrant status, highest education in household, housing tenure, household type, jurisdiction of residence, smoking status, past-year alcohol consumption, CCHS cycle and number of non–pain-driven ED visits in the year before.