Incidence and hazard of all-cause death after release from prison, according to characteristics at release
| Variable | Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 16.1 (13.7–18.8) | – | – |
| Age group, yr | |||
| 18–34 | 14.4 (11.3–18.2) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 35–44 | 15.3 (10.8–21.0) | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | 0.89 (0.59–1.33) |
| ≥ 45 | 20.6 (15.1–27.5) | 1.60 (1.11–2.30) | 1.23 (0.84–1.82) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 16.0 (13.4–18.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 16.8 (10.4–25.7) | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) |
| Length of most recent incarceration, d | |||
| ≤ 3 | 16.9 (12.0–23.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 4–15 | 12.9 (9.0–17.9) | 0.74 (0.46–1.16) | 0.64 (0.40–1.03) |
| 16–60 | 19.9 (14.5–26.7) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) |
| > 60 | 15.5 (10.9–21.3) | 0.87 (0.55–1.36) | 0.74 (0.47–1.17) |
| No. of previous incarcerations | |||
| 1 | 8.3 (5.6–11.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2–3 | 15.0 (10.7–20.4) | 1.86 (1.16–2.97) | 1.43 (0.88–2.30) |
| 4–7 | 21.9 (16.0–29.2) | 2.55 (1.60–4.06) | 1.68 (1.04–2.73) |
| ≥ 8 | 30.9 (22.0–42.2) | 3.32 (2.03–5.43) | 1.83 (1.09–3.08) |
| SUD and mental illness | |||
| None | 7.5 (5.4–10.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| SUD | 20.8 (13.2–31.2) | 2.66 (1.61–4.42) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) |
| Mental illness | 16.3 (9.6–25.7) | 2.01 (1.15–3.52) | 1.21 (0.67–2.16) |
| SUD and mental illness | 33.5 (26.3–42.0) | 4.03 (2.73–5.94) | 1.47 (0.93–2.35) |
| Comorbidity index | |||
| 0 | 12.9 (10.6–15.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 | 53.2 (38.2–72.1) | 3.87 (2.69–5.57) | 2.03 (1.37–3.02) |
| Dispensed benzodiazepines | |||
| No | 10.4 (8.2–13.0) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 33.2 (26.3–41.3) | 3.00 (2.19–4.11) | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) |
| Dispensed opioids for pain | |||
| No | 4.4 (2.8–6.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 28.7 (24.0–34.0) | 6.07 (3.89–9.48) | 3.67 (2.22–6.07) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, Ref. = reference, SUD = substance use disorder.
↵* Adjusted for all other variables in this table.