Incidence and hazard of overdose-related death after release from prison, according to characteristics at release
| Variable | Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 11.2 (9.2–13.5) | – | – |
| Age group, yr | |||
| 18–34 | 11.2 (8.4–14.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 35–44 | 11.7 (7.8–16.7) | 1.06 (0.67–1.66) | 0.85 (0.54–1.34) |
| ≥ 45 | 10.8 (6.9–16.0) | 1.04 (0.65–1.66) | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 10.9 (8.7–13.3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 13.6 (7.9–21.8) | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) |
| Length of most recent incarceration, d | |||
| ≤ 3 | 12.1 (8.1–17.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 4–15 | 8.4 (5.4–12.7) | 0.67 (0.38–1.16) | 0.60 (0.34–1.04) |
| 16–60 | 14.0 (9.5–19.9) | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) |
| > 60 | 10.9 (7.1–15.9) | 0.83 (0.48–1.41) | 0.74 (0.43–1.26) |
| No. of previous incarcerations | |||
| 1 | 5.8 (3.6–8.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2–3 | 10.1 (6.7–14.7) | 1.71 (0.97–3.01) | 1.28 (0.72–2.28) |
| 4–7 | 15.7 (10.8–22.1) | 2.48 (1.43–4.30) | 1.59 (0.90–2.82) |
| ≥ 8 | 21.4 (14.1–31.1) | 3.00 (1.67–5.39) | 1.59 (0.86–2.95) |
| SUD and mental illness | |||
| None | 4.8 (3.1–7.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| SUD | 13.5 (7.6–22.3) | 2.74 (1.46–5.16) | 1.26 (0.64–2.45) |
| Mental illness | 10.8 (5.6–18.9) | 2.19 (1.10–4.36) | 1.34 (0.66–2.72) |
| SUD and mental illness | 25.0 (18.9–32.5) | 4.73 (2.94–7.62) | 1.69 (0.97–2.97) |
| Comorbidity index | |||
| 0 | 9.5 (7.6–11.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 | 31.1 (19.9–46.3) | 3.10 (1.97–4.88) | 1.61 (0.99–2.61) |
| Dispensed benzodiazepines | |||
| No | 6.8 (5.0–9.0) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 24.5 (18.6–31.6) | 3.31 (2.27–4.84) | 1.41 (0.91–2.18) |
| Dispensed opioids for pain | |||
| No | 2.8 (1.5–4.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 20.3 (16.4–24.8) | 6.77 (3.86–11.89) | 4.01 (2.14–7.52) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, Ref. = reference, SUD = substance use disorder.
↵* Adjusted for all other variables in this table.