Univariate and multivariable binomial logistic regression of having self-reported social isolation among participants who live alone*
| Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 0.57 (0.36–0.89) | 0.72 (0.39–1.32) |
| Age, yr | ||
| 55–64 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 65–84 | 1.90 (1.03–3.49) | 2.07 (0.98–4.36) |
| ≥ 85 | 1.45 (0.70–3.00) | 1.78 (0.73–4.36) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | Ref. | Ref. |
| Other | 1.04 (0.65–1.66) | 1.19 (0.66–2.14) |
| Education | ||
| Some high school or less | Ref. | Ref. |
| High school diploma | 1.18 (0.71–1.96) | 1.14 (0.63–2.09) |
| Any postsecondary | 1.53 (0.99–2.37) | 1.59 (0.93–2.72) |
| Income insecurity | ||
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 3.00 (1.91–4.73) | 1.93 (1.11–3.37) |
| Chronic cardiometabolic disease | ||
| At least 1 chronic cardiometabolic disease‡ | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.70 (0.41–1.21) | 0.53 (0.27–1.04) |
| Health behaviours | ||
| Physical activity | ||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. |
| Active | 0.44 (0.30–0.64) | 0.45 (0.27–0.73) |
| Alcohol drinker | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 2.22 (1.09–4.53) | 3.11 (1.27–7.63) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Nonsmoker | Ref. | Ref. |
| Current smoker | 1.85 (1.15–2.96) | 1.10 (0.60–2.01) |
| Health status and quality of life | ||
| General health | ||
| Poor to fair | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good, very good, excellent | 0.49 (0.33–0.72) | 0.67 (0.41–1.10) |
| Mobility problems | ||
| No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any problems | 1.63 (1.10–2.42) | 1.08 (0.62–1.90) |
| Self-care problems | ||
| No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any problems | 1.98 (1.27–3.10) | 1.28 (0.67–2.44) |
| Problems doing usual activities | ||
| No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any problems | 2.09 (1.41–3.09) | 1.25 (0.67–2.30) |
| Pain or discomfort | ||
| None | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any problems | 1.46 (0.96–2.20) | 1.14 (0.68–1.93) |
| Anxiety or depression | ||
| None | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any problems | 8.40 (5.04–13.98) | 6.27 (3.59–10.97) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, Ref. = reference.
↵* Logistic regressions compare participants who reported being socially isolated (score of ≥ 6) v. not socially isolated (score < 6) among those who live alone.
↵† Multivariable regression included participants with complete data (socially isolated n = 121, not socially isolated n = 457).
↵‡ At least 1 of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart attack, diabetes, or stroke or transient ischemic attack.