Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† |
---|---|---|
Demographics | ||
Gender | ||
Male | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 0.88 (0.52–1.50) |
Age, yr | ||
55–64 | Ref. | Ref. |
65–84 | 1.70 (0.98–2.96) | 1.99 (1.01–3.93) |
≥ 85 | 1.47 (0.77–2.83) | 2.05 (0.91–4.60) |
Ethnicity | ||
White | Ref. | Ref. |
Other | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) | 1.13 (0.67–1.91) |
Education | ||
Some high school or less | Ref. | Ref. |
High school diploma | 1.03 (0.65–1.63) | 0.98 (0.57–1.70) |
Any postsecondary | 1.38 (0.93–2.06) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) |
Lives alone | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.75 (1.09–2.80) | 1.72 (0.96–3.09) |
Income insecurity | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 3.25 (2.14–4.94) | 2.10 (1.24–3.53) |
Chronic cardiometabolic disease | ||
At least 1 chronic cardiometabolic disease‡ | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | 0.44 (0.24–0.80) |
Health behaviours | ||
Physical activity | ||
Inactive | Ref. | Ref. |
Active | 0.47 (0.33–0.67) | 0.47 (0.30–0.73) |
Alcohol drinker | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 2.01 (1.04–3.91) | 2.45 (1.09–5.54) |
Smoking status | ||
Nonsmoker | Ref. | Ref. |
Current smoker | 2.45 (1.60–3.77) | 1.42 (0.81–2.51) |
Health status and quality of life | ||
General health | ||
Poor to fair | Ref. | Ref. |
Good, very good, excellent | 0.45 (0.32–0.65) | 0.60 (0.38–0.94) |
Mobility problems | ||
No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
Any problems | 1.43 (1.01–2.04) | 0.85 (0.51–1.43) |
Self-care problems | ||
No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
Any problems | 2.14 (1.43–3.19) | 1.46 (0.80–2.66) |
Problems doing usual activities | ||
No problems | Ref. | Ref. |
Any problems | 2.20 (1.54–3.14) | 1.20 (0.69–2.11) |
Pain or discomfort | ||
None | Ref. | Ref. |
Any problems | 1.62 (1.10–2.37) | 1.17 (0.73–1.90) |
Anxiety or depression | ||
None | Ref. | Ref. |
Any problems | 7.75 (4.91–12.23) | 6.05 (3.65–10.03) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, Ref. = reference.
↵* Logistic regressions compare participants who reported being socially isolated (score of ≥ 6) v. not socially isolated (score < 6).
↵† Multivariable regression included participants with complete data (socially isolated n = 141, not socially isolated n = 599).
↵‡ At least 1 of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart attack, diabetes, or stroke or transient ischemic attack.