Table 2:

Summary of findings from qualitative studies1^,2^*

Study	Well-being domain^†	Level	No. and type of students	Intervention	Analysis	Themes or theory	Author findings from original study
Undergraduate medical students
Brown et al., 201830	Intellectual, occupational	Individual	123; first-year undergraduate medical students	Program for Improvement in Medical Education for engagement in quality improvement training	Thematic	Continuous support; genuine interest in improving medical education; team-based learning and problem solving; regular project feedback; access to education resources for quality improvement	Medical education is an appropriate setting to teach preclerkship medical students about quality improvement, which might lead to increased knowledge of quality improvement.
Byszewski et al., 201732	Intellectual, occupational	Individual	93; undergraduate medical students	Multimedia podcast resource on what a geriatric specialty entails	Thematic	Students found the podcast a creative method to present a specialty and suggested creating podcasts for other medical fields; students provided suggestions for including patient testimonials and “A day in the life of …”	A multimedia podcast for medical students can raise awareness of geriatric medicine as a potential career choice and can be used as a novel multimedia approach for a variety of career options when considering residency programs.
Cadieux et al., 201733	Intellectual, occupational	System	62; first-year undergraduate medical students	Leadership course grounded in business pedagogy	Thematic	Understanding change; effective teamwork; leading in patient safety; leadership in action	Leadership in medical education should be applicable to the learner’s stage of training and may be better supported if leadership is framed as a competency throughout their career.
Chew et al., 201236	Intellectual, occupational	Individual	18; second-year undergraduate medical students	Preclerkship HIV elective	Thematic	Enthusiasm for small group sessions; clinical observerships; community agency placements; diversity of topics covered	Student-run initiatives can supplement medical curriculum content and promote student leadership and interest, community partnerships, and faculty mentorship.
Ellaway et al., 201445	Social, intellectual	System	101; first-year undergraduate medical students	Mobile device program	Grounded theory	Mobile devices augment, but are not replacements for, laptop computers, and mobile devices in medical education are perceived as a tool and source of support	Medical learners use mobile devices depending on the learning culture and contexts of their specific medical programs and education ecologies.
Law et al., 201966	Intellectual, occupational	Individual	17; undergraduate medical students	Computer programming certificate course	Thematic	Value of the course; potential application of learning	Computer science and medicine would benefit from enhanced 2-way communication when developing technology for use in medicine.
Lynch et al., 201468	Social, intellectual	Individual	4; undergraduate medical students	Linking students from North America and Europe with a peer-to-peer learning approach	Thematic	Peer connection; trust in data veracity; aid to clinical learning process	Connecting students across continents in a community of peer-to-peer learning encourages peer cooperation with potential to disseminate key clinical learnings.
Welsher et al., 201888	Intellectual	Individual	23; preclerkship undergraduate medical students	Video-based observational practice communities that augment simulation-based skill education and connect geographically distributed learners	Thematic	Ease of use; technical knowledge; versatile and accessible; observational tools beneficial to learning; desire for more networked, observational learning activities	Video-based observational practice communities are feasible to support simulation-based learning of clinical skills in a distributed group of health professional trainees.
Yeung et al., 201790	Social, intellectual	Individual	20; second-year undergraduate medical students	Longitudinal Students as Teachers program	Thematic	Program increased perceived knowledge and provided students with opportunities to practice teaching and to provide and receive feedback, and to reflect on their practice	Early exposure to medical education theories allows opportunity to apply theories practically through ongoing teaching and feedback sessions that include reflective exercises.
Postgraduate medical students
Campagna-Vaillancourt et al., 201434	Social	Program	45; otolaryngology–head and neck surgery	Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) for the selection of applicants to residency	Thematic	Meet more staff; less stressful; multiple first impressions; different aspects of personality; objective and fair; team assessment	Using the MMI for admission to a residency program has good acceptability and reliability, and is feasible.
Malhotra et al., 200869	Mental, intellectual	Program	12; internal medicine	Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise	Phenomenological	Education; assessment; exam preparation	The mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise is anxiety provoking at first, but may provide insight into clinical competence over time.
Myden et al., 201274	Intellectual, occupational	Program	6; orthopedics	Computer-assisted surgery simulations	Thematic	Confidence; awareness; deepening knowledge; changed perspectives	High-impact educational interventions endorsing cognitive flexibility increases confidence, changes awareness, and deepens knowledge and perspectives.
Sachedina et al., 201977	Occupational	Individual	17; cardiac critical care	Code Blue Simulation Program (CBSP)	Thematic	The CBSP is a useful tool to help prepare residents to serve as code blue learners and the authenticity of the CBSP cases was useful	The CBSP enhanced resident preparedness. Differences between simulated and real codes should be addressed to enhance fidelity.
Sukhera et al., 201883	Mental	System	10; psychiatry	Mental illness implicit association test	Grounded theory	Vulnerability provoked tension between personal and professional identities reconciled through striving for ideal while acknowledging the actual	Addressing implicit bias among health professionals is influenced by the process of recognizing and managing biases.
Tait et al., 201384	Mental, intellectual, occupational	Individual	7; family medicine, psychiatry	The Dignity Interview	Thematic	Experience of the interview; patient as teacher; residents reflecting on their own lives; resident reflections on palliative or end-of-life care education; physician role in conflict	Conversations with dying patients and soliciting a patient’s story are poorly taught and modelled in medical education.
Tan et al., 201385	Social, occupational	Program	130; family medicine	Online virtual patient clinical case in palliative care	Thematic	Useful content; beneficial teaching modality; realism of case; awkward navigation; worried about missing key points in the case	The online virtual patient case in palliative care is a useful teaching tool to address need for increased formal palliative care experience in medical education.

↵* Reported as per the Summary of Qualitative Findings Table structure.26
↵† Well-being domains include social, mental, physical, intellectual or occupational well-being. Levels include individual, program or system level.