Table 3:

Risk of bias for the included studies

Study	Type of bias
Study	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting	Other
Chen et al.,28 2020	L	L	L	L	L	U
Losa-Reyna et al.,29 2019	U	U	U	H	L	L
Liu et al.,30 2018	L	U	U	L	L	H
Clegg et al.,31 2014	U	U	H	U	L	U
Liu et al.,32 2017	H	H	U	L	H	H
Yoon et al.,33 2018	U	U	U	H	L	L
Takatori et al.,34 2016	H	H	L	H	L	L
Tarazona-Santabalbina et al.,35 2016	U	U	L	L	L	U
Ng et al.,36^,60^,61 2015	L	L	L	L	L	L
Kwon et al.,37 2015	L	L	L	L	L	L
Tieland et al.,38 2015	U	U	U	H	L	U
Giné-Garriga et al.,39 2013	L	U	H	H	L	L
Daniel,40 2012	U	U	U	L	L	H
Giné-Garriga et al.,41 2010	L	U	L	H	L	L
Faber et al.,42 2006	L	U	L	L	L	H
Binder et al.,43^,54^–56 2005	L	U	L	L	L	L
Gill et al.,44^,59 2002	L	U	L	U	L	U
de Jong et al.,45^,57^,58 2000	U	U	U	U	L	H
Brown et al.,46 2000	U	U	U	L	L	U
Yarasheski et al.,47 1999	U	U	U	U	L	U
Chandler et al.,48 1998	L	U	L	L	L	L
Kuo et al.,49 2018	L	U	L	L	L	U
Tsang et al.,50 2013	U	U	U	L	L	H
Chen et al.,51 2010	U	U	U	L	L	U