Baseline characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pre- and post-Q3 2011
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients* | |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Q3 2011 n = 254 457† | Post-Q3 2011 n = 312 370† | |
| Demographic | ||
| Sex | ||
| Female | 132 279 (52.0) | 162 602 (52.1) |
| Male | 122 178 (48.0) | 149 768 (47.9) |
| Age at index, yr | ||
| Mean ± SD | 76.42 ± 7.64 | 76.37 ± 8.13 |
| Median (IQR) | 76 (70–82) | 75 (69–82) |
| Age at COPD diagnosis, yr | ||
| Mean ± SD | 68.73 ± 9.34 | 66.53 ± 10.73 |
| Median (IQR) | 68 (62–75) | 66 (59–74) |
| Income quintile | ||
| Missing | 1232 (0.5) | 967 (0.3) |
| 1 (lowest) | 61 399 (24.1) | 78 962 (25.3) |
| 2 | 55 665 (21.9) | 69 872 (22.4) |
| 3 | 49 324 (19.4) | 61 227 (19.6) |
| 4 | 45 992 (18.1) | 53 434 (17.1) |
| 5 (highest) | 40 845 (16.1) | 47 908 (15.3) |
| Rural‡ | ||
| Missing | 287 (0.1) | 374 (0.1) |
| No | 211 047 (82.9) | 261 532 (83.7) |
| Yes | 43 123 (16.9) | 50 464 (16.2) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Asthma | 96 907 (38.1) | 107 543 (34.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | 70 177 (27.6) | 78 542 (25.1) |
| Ischemic heart disease (preceding 2 yr) | 35 404 (13.9) | 34 650 (11.1) |
| Pneumonia (preceding 2 yr) | 69 587 (27.3) | 78 700 (25.2) |
| Health care utilization | ||
| Hospitalizations per year§ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 0.42 ± 0.69 | 0.37 ± 0.67 |
| ED visits per year§ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 0.77 ± 1.54 | 0.83 ± 1.56 |
| Medication use | ||
| Corticosteroid, days per year§ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 12.92 ± 51.62 | 11.12 ± 47.22 |
| High-dose corticosteroid, days per year§ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 1.01 ± 4.95 | 1.26 ± 5.15 |
| Any oral steroid in previous 2 years | 70 570 (27.7) | 96 733 (31.0) |
| No. of long-acting inhaled agents at baseline | ||
| 1 | 140 977 (55.4) | 140 905 (45.1) |
| 2 | 76 832 (30.2) | 111 904 (35.8) |
| 3 | 36 648 (14.4) | 59 561 (19.1) |
| Inhaled therapy types | ||
| LAMA only | 73 406 (28.8) | 90 693 (29.0) |
| ICS only | 64 056 (25.2) | 48 270 (15.5) |
| LABA only | 3515 (1.4) | 1942 (0.6) |
| LABA + ICS | 66 114 (26.0) | 94 058 (30.1) |
| LAMA + LABA | 2157 (0.8) | 11 697 (3.7) |
| LAMA + ICS | 8561 (3.4) | 6149 (2.0) |
| LAMA + LABA + ICS | 36 648 (14.4) | 59 561 (19.1) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 17 841 (7.0) | 27 679 (8.9) |
Note: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ED = emergency department, ICS = inhaled corticosteroid, IQR = interquartile range, LABA = long-acting β-agonist, LAMA = long-acting muscarinic antagonist, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless stated otherwise.
↵† 132 701 individuals were eligible in both eras.
↵‡ Rurality had 0.1% missing data for each era.
↵§ Based on the preceding 2 years.