Adjusted and unadjusted 12-month mortality hazard ratios for persons with overdose-related versus non-overdose-related visits to the emergency department who were either discharged with approval or left against medical advice
| Model | Type of model; hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted* | Unadjusted | |
| Type of visit and disposition | ||
| Non-overdose-related and discharged | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) |
| Non-overdose-related and left against medical advice | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 8.3 (4.7–14.6) |
| Overdose-related and discharged | 3.5 (3.0–4.2) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
| Overdose-related and left against medical advice | 7.1 (4.0–12.5) | 5.2 (4.5–6.1) |
| Additional contrasts | ||
| Overdose-related v. non-overdose-related visits among those who left against medical advice | 5.0 (2.7–9.1) | 6.5 (3.6–11.8) |
| Left against medical advice v. discharged among those with overdose-related visits | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.9) |
| Age group, yr | ||
| 14–35 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) |
| 36–55 | 2.0 (1.7–2.3) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) |
| 56–74 | 4.5 (4.1–5.1) | 5.2 (4.7–5.9) |
| Sex | ||
| Male v. female | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) |
| Elixhauser index with mental health | ||
| 0 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) |
| 1 | 3.8 (3.3–4.3) | 5.6 (4.9–6.5) |
| ≥ 2 | 8.0 (7.1–9.0) | 10.9 (9.4–12.6) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, Ref. = reference group.
↵* Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity and disposition (discharged or left against medical advice).