Treatment, interventions and outcomes of patients in hospital with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, Mar. 1−Aug. 31, 2020
| Treatment, intervention or outcome | No./total no. (%) of cases; age group, yr* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cases n = 1906 | < 18 n = 37 | 18−39 n = 174 | 40–59 n = 416 | 60–79 n = 638 | ≥ 80 n = 638 | p value† | |
| Antimicrobials | |||||||
| Any antimicrobial | 1154/1785 (64.6) | 5/37 (13.5) | 77/157 (49.0) | 264/384 (68.8) | 412/586 (70.3) | 395/618 (63.9) | < 0.001 |
| Ceftriaxone | 798/1785 (44.7) | 4/37 (10.8) | 52/157 (33.1) | 182/384 (47.4) | 287/586 (49.0) | 272/618 (44.0) | < 0.001 |
| Azithromycin | 875/1785 (49.1) | 1/37 (2.7) | 60/157 (38.2) | 210/384 (54.7) | 325/586 (55.5) | 278/618 (45.0) | < 0.001 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 318/1785 (17.8) | 1/37 (2.7) | 15/157 (9.6) | 49/384 (12.8) | 127/586 (21.7) | 125/618 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
| Doxycycline | 177/1785 (9.9) | 0/37 (0.0) | 5/157 (3.2) | 23/384 (6.0) | 63/586 (10.8) | 86/618 (13.9) | < 0.001 |
| Vancomycin | 138/1785 (7.7) | 1/37 (2.7) | 12/157 (7.6) | 25/384 (6.5) | 65/586 (11.1) | 35/618 (5.7) | 0.004 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 125/1785 (7.0) | 2/37 (5.4) | 8/157 (5.1) | 27/384 (7.0) | 50/586 (8.5) | 37/618 (6.0) | 0.4 |
| Meropenem | 91/1785 (5.1) | 0/37 (0) | 2/157 (1.3) | 26/384 (4.2) | 43/586 (7.3) | 30/618 (4.9) | 0.009 |
| Cefazolin | 45/1785 (2.5) | 0/37 (0) | 5/157 (3.2) | 12/384 (3.1) | 17 / 586 (2.9) | 11/618 (1.8) | 0.5 |
| Antivirals‡ | |||||||
| Any antiviral | 156/1764 (8.9) | 1/36 (2.8) | 10/162 (6.2) | 44/384 (11.5) | 64/574 (11.2) | 37/605 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Oseltamivir | 137/1764 (7.8) | 0/36 (0.0) | 9/162 (5.6) | 33/384 (8.6) | 61/574 (10.6) | 34/605 (5.6) | 0.005 |
| Other treatment | |||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 302/1785 (16.9) | 0/37 | 20/157 (12.7) | 76/384 (19.8) | 122/586 (20.8) | 83/618 (13.4) | < 0.001 |
| Corticosteroids | 185/1785 (10.4) | 0/37 | 12/157 (7.6) | 39/384 (10.2) | 70/586 (11.9) | 64/618 (10.4) | 0.1 |
| ICU admission and interventions | |||||||
| ICU admission | 437/1878 (23.3) | 6/37(16.2) | 40/172 (23.3) | 142/411 (34.5) | 203/628 (32.3) | 46/627 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 274/1883 (14.6) | 1/37 (2.7) | 21/170 (12.4) | 93/413 (22.5) | 140/632 (22.2) | 19/628 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 13/1881 (0.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Dialysis as a result of COVID-19 | 49/1834 (2.7) | 0/37 (0.0) | 1/165 (0.6) | 12/405 (3.0) | 31/617 (5.0) | 5/609 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| 30-d outcome | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Still in hospital | 272/1896 (14.3) | 2/37 (5.4) | 8/173 (4.6) | 42/414 (10.1) | 112/633 (17.7) | 108/636 (17.0) | NA |
| Discharged | 1127/1896 (59.4) | 34/37 (91.9) | 155/173 (89.6) | 335/414 (80.9) | 369/633 (58.3) | 232/636 (36.5) | NA |
| Transferred | 134/1896 (7.1) | 1/37 (2.7) | 6/173 (3.5) | 20/414 (4.8) | 42/633 (6.6) | 64/636 (10.1) | NA |
| Death (all causes) | 365/1896 (19.3) | 0/37 (0.0) | 4/173 (2.3) | 17/414 (4.1) | 110//633 (17.4) | 234/636 (36.8) | NA |
| Death (attributable mortality§) | 300/1855 (16.2) | 0/37 (0.0) | 3/173 (1.7) | 14/412 (3.4) | 87/619 (14.1) | 196/611 (32.1) | < 0.001 |
Note: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, ICU = intensive care unit, NA = not applicable, NR = data not reported because of small numbers.
↵* Age is missing for 3 cases.
↵† Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact tests and χ2 tests were used to compare proportions.
↵‡ The following antivirals were less commonly received: lopinavir–ritonavir (14/1764, 0.8%), ritonavir (13/1764, 0.7%), remdesivir (2/1764, 0.1%) and ribavirin (2/1764, 0.1%).
↵§ Defined as COVID-19 being the cause of death or contributing to death.