Characteristics of studies examining the association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia
| Author, year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Mean age, yr (SD)* | Male, %† | Exposure | Primary outcome | Mean duration of follow-up, yr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort studies | ||||||||
| Jackson et al. 2004 (12) | US | Retrospective cohort | 46 237 | NR | 42.0 | Diabetes | Hospital admission for CAP | 3 |
| Muller et al. 2005 (3) | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | 26 328 | 65.7 (12.7)/63.1 (13.4)‡ | 46.1/39.1‡ | Type 2 diabetes | Pneumonia | 1 |
| O’Meara et al. 2005 (13) | US | Prospective cohort | 5888 | 75.0/72.6§ | 42.3 | Diabetes | Hospital admission for pneumonia | 10.7¶ |
| Benfield et al. 2007 (5) | Denmark | Retrospective cohort | 10 063 | 67.8/60.7‡ | NR | Diabetes | Hospital admission for pneumonia | 7 |
| Ehrlich et al. 2010 (14) | US | Retrospective cohort | 121 866§ | 57.2¶ | 50.1 | Diabetes | Hospital admission for pneumonia | NR |
| Hamilton et al. 2013 (6) | Australia | Prospective cohort | 6450 | 63.6/66.1** | 48.8/NR‡ | Type 2 diabetes | Hospital admission for pneumonia | 12.06 |
| Seminog and Goldacre 2013 (10) (LHES) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 11 220 545 | 64 | NR | Diabetes | Pneumonia | 4 |
| Seminog and Goldacre 2013 (10) (ORLS1) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 640 549 | 64 | NR | Diabetes | Pneumonia | 35 |
| Seminog and Goldacre 2013 (10) (ORLS2) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 508 965 | 62 | NR | Diabetes | Pneumonia | 3 |
| Hine et al. 2017 (8) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 647 330 | 67.0/46.0†† | 49.1 | Type 2 diabetes | Pneumonia | 1 |
| López-de-Andrés et al. 2017 (15) | Spain | Retrospective cohort | 901 136 | 77.1 (10.5) | 60.1 | Type 2 diabetes | Hospital admission for CAP | 9 |
| Ray et al. 2017 (16) | US | Retrospective cohort | 411 | 47.0 (16.3) | 73.8 | Diabetes | Pneumonia | NR |
| Williams et al. 2017 (17) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 14 513 | 70.3 (10.8) | 53.6 | Diabetes | CAP | 5 |
| Case–control studies | ||||||||
| Farr et al. 2000 (18) | UK | Population-based case–control | 555 | 45.2 | 46.1 | Diabetes | Pneumonia | NR |
| Thomsen et al. 2004 (9) | Denmark | Population-based case–control | 6578 | 67 (18–94)/67 (17–94)‡‡ | 47.3 | Type 2 diabetes | CAP | 9 |
| van de Garde et al. 2006 (19) | Netherlands | Population-based case–control | 4925 | 67 | 55.0 | Diabetes | Hospital admission for CAP | NR |
| Kornum et al. 2008 (7) | Denmark | Population-based case–control | 376 629 | 74 (61–82)/74 (61–82)§§ | 52.9 | Type 2 diabetes | Hospital admission for pneumonia | NR |
Note: CAP = community-acquired pneumonia, LHES = Linked English Hospital Episodes Statistics, NR = not reported, ORLS = Oxford Record Linkage Study, SD = standard deviation, UK = United Kingdom, US = United States.
↵* For entire population, unless otherwise specified.
↵† For entire population, unless otherwise specified.
↵‡ Diabetes/no diabetes.
↵§ Subcohort of patients for whom diabetes status was evaluated.
↵¶ Median.
↵** Admitted to hospital/not admitted to hospital.
↵†† Median: diabetes/no diabetes.
↵‡‡ Median (full range): cases/controls.
↵§§ Median (interquartile range): cases/controls.