Hierarchical regression model results*
| Variable | Point estimate (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Patient level | |
| Sex | |
| Female (reference) | |
| Male | 1.42 (1.39–1.45) |
| Age group, yr | |
| ≤ 17 | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) |
| 18–44 | 0.24 (0.23–0.26) |
| 45–74 | 0.75 (0.73–0.76) |
| ≥ 75 (reference) | |
| Health authority | |
| Vancouver Coastal Health (reference) | |
| Interior Health | 1.44 (1.26–1.64) |
| Fraser Health | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) |
| Vancouver Island Health Authority | 1.35 (1.17–1.54) |
| Northern Health | 1.68 (1.36–2.06) |
| Income quintile | |
| Q1 (lowest) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) |
| Q2 | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) |
| Q3 | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) |
| Q4 | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) |
| Q5 (highest) (reference) | |
| No. of eligible incentives (at start of study period) | |
| 1 | 0.33 (0.33–0.34) |
| 2 (reference) | |
| 3 | 2.49 (2.38–2.61) |
| 4 | 5.87 (5.00–6.89) |
| Date of diagnosis of first eligible condition(s) | |
| 2010 (reference) | |
| 1–4 yr prior (2006–2009) | 1.22 (1.18–1.27) |
| ≥ 5 yr prior (2005 or earlier) | 2.01 (1.94–2.08) |
| Non–fee-for-service encounter | |
| Yes | 0.89 (0.86–0.91) |
| No (reference) | |
| No. of primary care physician contacts | |
| 1–6 (reference) | |
| 7–12 | 8.92 (7.39–10.77) |
| 13–24 | 48.96 (40.86–58.68) |
| 25–48 | 107.42 (89.59–128.79) |
| > 48 | 134.77 (112.27–161.78) |
| No. of primary care physicians seen | |
| 1–2 (reference) | |
| 3–4 | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) |
| ≥ 5 | 0.82 (0.78–0.85) |
| Usual provider continuity index (continuity of care) | 1.31 (1.30–1.32) |
| Physician level | |
| Sex | |
| Female (reference) | |
| Male | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) |
| Age group, yr | |
| < 35 | 1.44 (1.11–1.88) |
| 35–44 | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) |
| 45–54 (reference) | |
| 55–64 | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) |
| ≥ 65 | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) |
| Health authority | |
| Vancouver Coastal Health (reference) | |
| Interior Health | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) |
| Fraser Health | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) |
| Vancouver Island Health Authority | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) |
| Northern Health | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) |
| Total billings | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| No. of patients | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) |
| % of eligible patients for whom incentives billed | |
| Q1 (reference) | |
| Q2 | 3.14 (2.60–3.80) |
| Q3 | 14.25 (11.76–17.26) |
| Q4 | 42.38 (34.55–52.00) |
Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* All variables were included in a single model.