Characteristics of travellers returning to Calgary from malaria-endemic areas stratified by malaria status, 2013–2017
| Characteristic | Malaria; no. (%) of travellers* | p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (controls) n = 1129 | Yes (cases) n = 219 | ||
| Male gender | 579 (51.3) | 142 (64.8) | < 0.001 |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 34.80 ± 21.05 | 32.59 ± 18.01 | 0.1 |
| Reason for travel‡ | |||
| Business | 59 (6.3) | 10 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| New immigrant | 96 (10.3) | 49 (27.7) | < 0.001 |
| Tourism | 325 (34.9) | 16 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Visiting friends and relatives | 433 (46.6) | 88 (49.7) | < 0.001 |
| Visitor | 17 (1.8) | 14 (7.9) | 0.6 |
| Missing | 199/1129 (17.6) | 42/219 (19.2) | – |
| Continent visited‡ | |||
| Africa | 313 (32.5) | 145 (79.7) | < 0.001 |
| North/South America | 175 (18.2) | 5 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Asia | 469 (48.7) | 31 (17.0) | < 0.001 |
| Europe | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2 |
| Oceania | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0.2 |
| Missing | 166/1129 (14.7) | 37/219 (16.9) | – |
| Obtained pretravel advice‡ | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 278 (35.9) | 29 (19.6) | |
| No | 496 (64.1) | 119 (80.4) | |
| Missing | 355/1129 (31.4) | 71/219 (32.4) | – |
| Took prophylaxis‡ | 0.3 | ||
| Yes | 54 (25.2) | 15 (18.3) | |
| No | 160 (74.8) | 67 (81.7) | |
| Missing | 915/1129 (81.0) | 137/219 (62.6) | – |
| Symptom(s)‡ | |||
| Fever | 829 (86.0) | 166 (91.7) | 0.05 |
| Night sweats | 336 (34.8) | 65 (35.9) | 0.8 |
| Headache | 492 (51.0) | 117 (64.6) | 0.001 |
| Sore throat | 243 (25.2) | 22 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
| Cough | 323 (33.5) | 44 (24.3) | 0.02 |
| Arthralgia/myalgia | 342 (35.5) | 77 (42.5) | 0.08 |
| Diarrhea | 257 (26.7) | 34 (18.8) | 0.03 |
| Splenomegaly | 21 (2.2) | 7 (3.9) | 0.3 |
| Missing | 165/1129 (14.6) | 38/219 (17.4) | – |
| Duration of stay,§ d, mean ± SD | 48.98 ± 77.74 | 239.00 ± 665.62 | < 0.001 |
| Plasmodium species | |||
| P. falciparum | – | 144 (65.8) | – |
| P. vivax | – | 54 (24.7) | – |
| P. ovale | – | 17 (7.8) | – |
| P. malariae | – | 4 (1.8) | – |