Table 3:

Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation evidence profile for primary outcomes

Outcome, no. of studies	Quality assessment						Quality	Importance
Outcome, no. of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Quality	Importance
Illicit opioid use, 7	Observational studies	Serious^*	Very serious^†^‡	Not serious	Very serious^§	None	⊕○○○ VERY LOW	CRITICAL
Retention, 4	Observational studies	Not serious	Serious^†	Not serious	Very serious^§	None	⊕○○○ VERY LOW	CRITICAL

↵* Moderate risk of bias across studies.
↵† Point estimates vary widely across studies, little overlap between individual confidence intervals.
↵‡ Heterogeneity not explained by subgroup analyses.
↵§ Small samples, wide pooled 95% confidence interval.