Table 3:

Proportion of Ontario long-term care residents receiving any opioids at the start and end of the study period, stratified by resident characteristics

Characteristic	% of residents		Unadjusted results			Adjusted results^*

	2009/10	2016/17	% change	p value	p value (interaction)	% change	p value	p value (interaction)
Age, yr					0.02			0.004

≤ 85	16.6	20.2	22.4	< 0.001		26.9	< 0.001

> 85	15.1	19.1	26.2	< 0.001		33.1	< 0.001

Sex					0.9			0.9

Female	17.2	21.3	24.2	< 0.001		29.9	< 0.001

Male	12.2	15.4	25.8	< 0.001		29.6	< 0.001

Dementia					< 0.001			< 0.001

No	21.3	26.0	21.8	< 0.001		21.6	< 0.001

Yes	11.8	16.3	38.5	< 0.001		38.6	< 0.001

Frail resident					< 0.001			< 0.001

No	15.0	16.7	11.5	< 0.001		18.8	< 0.001

Yes	16.6	21.7	30.6	< 0.001		37.6	< 0.001

Liver disease or renal failure					0.9			0.9

No	15.6	19.2	23.4	< 0.001		30.2	< 0.001

Yes	18.6	22.6	21.5	< 0.001		27.7	< 0.001

Pain frequency					< 0.001			< 0.001

No pain	6.9	12.4	80.0	< 0.001		86.3	< 0.001

Any pain	28.1	35.3	25.6	< 0.001		31.4	< 0.001

Long-term care assessment type					< 0.001			< 0.001

Entry	16.6	15.4	−7.3	0.001		−3.9	0.09

Ongoing	15.6	21.3	36.8	< 0.001		41.5	< 0.001

↵* Adjusted for age, sex, frailty, dementia diagnosis, diagnosis of liver disease or renal failure, and long-term care assessment type but excluding the stratifying variable.