Multivariate analysis of association between driving time to the nearest hepatopancreatobiliary surgical centre and secondary outcomes (stage IV disease, chemotherapy, surgery and biliary drainage)
| Risk factor | Outcome; OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage IV disease | Chemotherapy | Surgery | Biliary drainage* | |
| Sex (male v. female) | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) |
| Age (per 1-yr increase) | 0.99 (0.99–1.01) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| Tumour type | ||||
| Ampullary cancer (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | 0.23 (0.14–0.36) | 2.22 (1.45–3.40) | 0.99 (0.674–1.44) | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) |
| Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | 3.28 (2.47–4.36) | 2.47 (1.71–3.56) | 1.14 (0.76–1.71) | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) |
| Gallbladder cancer | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 2.51 (1.73–3.62) | 3.26 (2.32–4.57) | 0.16 (0.11–0.23) |
| Stage IV (v. stages I–III) | – | 1.11 (0.84–1.48) | 0.04 (0.03–0.07) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score (per 1-point increase) | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 1.0 (0.95–1.05) | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) |
| Diagnosis in 2010 onward (v. before 2010) | 1.68 (1.34–2.11) | 2.66 (2.03–3.49) | 1.66 (1.26–2.18) | 1.13 (0.87–1.45) |
| Driving time to nearest hepatopancreatobiliary surgeon ≥ 120 min (v. < 120 min) | 0.86 (0.63–1.19) | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 0.84 (0.60–1.20) |
| Neighbourhood education level (% with high school or above) | ||||
| < 75 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 75–85 | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) |
| > 85 | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 1.32 (0.86–2.05) | 1.06 (0.73–1.52) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) |
| Neighbourhood income level (average annual income, $) | ||||
| < 35 000 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 35 000–50 000 | 0.87 (0.61–1.23) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) |
| > 50 000 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.92 (0.62–1.38) | 1.13 (0.81–1.60) | 1.31 (0.85–2.01) |
| Model diagnostics | n = 1610 | n = 1610 | n = 1610 | n = 975 |
| C-statistic = 0.736 | C-statistic = 0.754 | C-statistic = 0.809 | C-statistic = 0.714 | |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Modelling likelihood of biliary drainage among patients who received best supportive care.