| Cost element | Site; weighted mean cost (95% CI), $* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moncton | Montréal | Toronto | Winnipeg | Vancouver | |
| Shelters | 2240 (1171-3526) | 4244 (3405-5249) | 6411 (5411-7219) | 1091 (827-1364) | 4279 (3328-5461) |
| Supportive housing† | 776 (407-1392) | 5879 (4450-7523) | 1628 (1077-2308) | 3271 (2575-4208) | 2335 (1476-3327) |
| Substance use treatment | 632 (336-1003) | 2098 (1289-3046) | 1012 (577-1629) | 2313 (1580-3049) | 2651 (1684-3710) |
| Ambulatory visits | 5642 (3976-7307) | 5621 (4523-6720) | 12 545 (9895-15 194) | 9019 (7324-10 714) | 7343 (5555-9131) |
| Emergency department visits and ambulance | 1148 (938-1385) | 1483 (1094-1896) | 1699 (1118-2392) | 2638 (2009-3364) | 1680 (1244-2134) |
| Hospital stay for physical cause | 2762 (745-5699) | 4666 (2444-7688) | 1104 (502-1821) | 3971 (2262-6355) | 2879 (1089-4481) |
| Hospital stay for psychiatric cause | 2718 (1215-4431) | 9416 (6095-14 042) | 7475 (3643-12 439) | 4062 (1773-7678) | 11 308 (6090-17 462) |
| Other (e.g., help lines, day centres) | 1422 (1079-1860) | 3318 (2702-3898) | 2652 (2187-3144) | 2768 (2404-3156) | 3107 (2670-3605) |
| Police, court appearances | 4523 (3491-5556) | 6613 (5283-8192) | 12 393 (9636-15 323) | 5471 (4524-6522) | 4807 (3587-6396) |
| Incarceration | 2355 (1117-3733) | 3464 (1784-5701) | 2547 (1575-3719) | 5392 (3685-6950) | 3125 (1475-5071) |
| Social assistance/disability benefits | 6958 (6343-7602) | 10 407 (9906-10 849) | 10 265 (9646-11 119) | 6995 (6533-7523) | 10 887 (10 341-11 497) |
| Earned income | 1566 (955-2241) | 804 (519-1099) | 759 (487-987) | 1426 (970-1972) | 1258 (775-1864) |
| Total | 29 610 (24 995-34 480) | 56 406 (50 654-62 456) | 58 972 (52 237-66 085) | 45 565 (41 039-50 412) | 53 144 (46 297-60 095) |
Note: CI = confidence interval.
*We obtained 95% CIs by bootstrapping. We carried out 20 imputations on each of 500 bootstrap replicates. There were 301 cost variables in all for each of the 937 participants, for a total of 282 037 cost elements, of which 40 592 (14.4%) were missing.
†Housing in which support staff are located within the building; also includes (notably for Toronto) subsidized rooms in buildings without onsite support staff.