| Variable | Cost element*† | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambulatory visits | Psychiatric hospital stays | Justice-related services‡ | ||||||
| Unadjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | Adjusted OR§¶ (95% CI) | |
| Site | ||||||||
| Montréal v. Moncton | 1.00 (0.68-1.47) | 0.98 (0.68-1.41) | 3.75 (1.16-12.09) | 2.34 (0.63-8.71) | 1.52 (0.94-2.48) | 1.28 (0.77-2.13) | 1.94(1.56-2.42) | 1.85(1.50-2.27) |
| Toronto v. Moncton | 2.12(1.46-3.10) | 1.99(1.38-2.86) | 2.50 (0.81-7.71) | 0.93 (0.25-3.42) | 2.16(1.35-3.47) | 1.57 (0.94-2.62) | 1.94(1.56-2.40) | 1.77(1.44-2.17) |
| Winnipeg v. Moncton | 1.62 (1.11-2.36) | 1.61 (1.11-2.32) | 1.56 (0.48-5.02) | 1.12 (0.28-4.44) | 1.61 (0.99-2.61) | 1.40 (0.82-2.39) | 1.56(1.25-1.94) | 1.60(1.30-1.98) |
| Vancouver v. Moncton | 1.37 (0.93-2.01) | 1.13 (0.78-1.63) | 4.76(1.47-15.45) | 2.77 (0.74-10.44) | 1.22 (0.75-1.98) | 0.76 (0.46-1.26) | 1.85(1.48-2.31) | 1.58(1.28-1.95) |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.99 (0.97-1.02) | 0.96 (0.93-1.00) | 0.97(0.95-0.98) | 0.97(0.96-0.99) | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) |
| Female v. male sex | 1.05 (0.84-1.32) | 1.18 (0.96-1.44) | 0.93 (0.52-1.65) | 1.37 (0.63-2.95) | 0.55(0.42-0.71) | 0.63(0.47-0.84) | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) |
| Psychotic disorder | 1.38(1.08-1.76) | 1.05 (0.84-1.33) | 3.08(1.57-6.06) | 2.01 (0.76-5.28) | 1.39 (1.04-1.87) | 1.06 (0.77-1.45) | 1.28(1.13-1.46) | 1.04 (0.92-1.18) |
| Alcohol dependence or abuse at baseline | 1.34 (1.09-1.66) | 1.12 (0.92-1.38) | 0.57 (0.32-1.00) | 0.38(0.19-0.76) | 1.84(1.42-2.37) | 1.53(1.15-2.02) | 1.09 (0.98-1.22) | 1.07 (0.96-1.19) |
| Illicit drug dependence or abuse at baseline | 1.11 (0.89-1.38) | 1.05 (0.86-1.29) | 0.74 (0.43-1.26) | 0.43 (0.21-0.89) | 1.89(1.46-2.44) | 1.35 (1.02-1.80) | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.00 (0.89-1.12) |
| Longest single period of homelessness in years | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) | 1.05 (0.98-1.12) | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 1.06(1.02-1.10) | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) | 1.03(1.01-1.05) | 1.01 (1.00-1.03) |
| Functioning as measured by MCAS (10 points) | 0.84(0.74-0.96) | 0.87 (0.76-0.99) | 0.41(0.29-0.58) | 0.56(0.38-0.81) | 0.75(0.65-0.87) | 0.78(0.67-0.92) | 0.81(0.76-0.86) | 0.85(0.80-0.91) |
| ≥ 2 psychiatric hospital stays in 1 of the 5 yr before baseline | 1.57(1.28-1.92) | 1.48(1.21-1.81) | 4.94(2.83-8.63) | 5.10(2.51-10.34) | 1.20 (0.94-1.54) | 1.11 (0.85-1.46) | 1.47(1.32-1.64) | 1.35(1.21-1.51) |
| ≥ 1 arrests in 6 mo before baseline | 1.18 (0.95-1.46) | 1.07 (0.88-1.30) | 0.81 (0.46-1.43) | 0.80 (0.35-1.83) | 2.98(2.29-3.89) | 2.47(1.89-3.23) | 1.23(1.09-1.38) | 1.15 (1.03-1.28) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, MCAS = Multnomah Community Ability Scale, OR = odds ratio.
*In the unadjusted columns, each row shows the coefficient and CI from a regression including only that variable; in the adjusted columns, coefficients and CIs from a single multiple regression including all the listed variables are shown.
†Coefficients with a p value of less than 0.01 (rather than 0.05 owing to the large number of comparisons) and their 95% CIs are bolded.
‡Includes police, court appearances and incarcerations.
§Indicates the fraction by which costs rise or fall when predictor is equal to 1, or when it increases by 1 unit (10 units in the case of the MCAS).
¶Data were best fit with a log link function and γ distribution.