Exposure | Theoretical minimum risk exposure level |
---|---|
Active smoking | None |
Passive smoking | None |
Energy imbalance | |
Overweight and obesity | Body mass index < 25 kg/m2 |
Inadequate physical activity | > 2.9 kcal/kg per d |
Diet | |
Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption | ≥ 5 servings/d |
Inadequate fibre intake | ≥ 23 g/d |
Red meat | None |
Processed meat | None |
Salt | ≤ 5.75 g/d |
Inadequate calcium intake | ≥ 1100 mg/d |
Inadequate vitamin D intake | ≥ 600 IU/d |
Alcohol | None |
Hormones | |
Oral contraceptive | None* |
Hormone replacement therapy | None* |
Infection | |
Epstein-Barr virus | None |
Hepatitis B virus | None |
Hepatitis C virus | None |
Human papillomavirus | None |
Helicobacter pylori | None |
Environment | |
Air pollution | < 7.5 µg/m3 annual average exposure |
Natural ultraviolet radiation | No sunburn in lifetime |
Artificial ultraviolet radiation | No use of tanning equipment in past year |
Water disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes) | < 50 µg/L |
Radon | None |
*Ever use of oral contraceptives and ever/current use of hormone replacement therapy are protective for endometrial and ovarian cancer.