| Covariate | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| Age (per 10 yr) | 1.16 (1.00-1.35) | 1.03 (0.89-1.20) |
| Income quintile | ||
| Lowest | 1 | 1 |
| Low | 0.98 (0.78-1.23) | 0.94 (0.77-1.16) |
| Middle | 1.09 (0.87-1.37) | 1.06 (0.87-1.30) |
| High | 1.22 (0.97-1.55) | 1.24 (0.99-1.55) |
| Highest | 1.13 (0.88-1.44) | 1.14 (0.90-1.44) |
| Rurality | ||
| Rural | 1.02 (0.75-1.41) | 0.95 (0.69-1.31) |
| Urban | 1 | 1 |
| Comorbidity (no. of ADGs) | ||
| ≤ 5 (low comorbidity) | 1 | 1 |
| 6-9 | 1.38 (1.11-1.73) | 1.15 (0.94-1.40) |
| ≥ 10 (high comorbidity) | 1.44 (1.14-1.82) | 1.18 (0.95-1.47) |
| Immigrant status | ||
| Recent (< 5 yr), HIV-endemic country of origin | 1.22 (0.93-1.61) | 1.23 (0.93-1.63) |
| Recent (< 5 yr), non-HIV-endemic country of origin | 1.57 (0.88-2.78) | 1.19 (0.56-2.52) |
| Non-recent (≥ 5 yr), HIV-endemic country of origin | 1.12 (0.91-1.38) | 1.03 (0.85-1.24) |
| Non-recent (≥ 5 yr), non-HIV-endemic country of origin | 1.19 (0.88-1.60) | 1.09 (0.83-1.43) |
| Non immigrant | 1 | 1 |
| Physician age (per 10 yr) | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | 1.01 (0.94-1.09) |
| Family physician sex | ||
| Female | 1.21 (1.04-1.42) | 1.10 (0.95-1.28) |
| Male | 1 | 1 |
| Primary care model† | ||
| Capitation - non-team based | 1.18 (0.93-1.50) | 1.09 (0.87-1.35) |
| Enhanced fee for service | 1.19 (0.97-1.47) | 1.09 (0.89-1.33) |
| Traditional fee for service | 0.70 (0.50-0.96) | 0.94 (0.68-1.31) |
| Other | 1.46 (1.13-1.90) | 1.28 (0.99-1.66) |
| Capitation - team based | 1 | 1 |
| Type of physician care received during study period | ||
| Regular HIV specialist care‡ | 0.63 (0.49-0.80) | 0.77 (0.60-0.97) |
| Regular family physician care only | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) | 0.97 (0.82-1.15) |
| Neither regular family physician care nor HIV specialist care | 0.47 (0.35-0.63) | 0.64 (0.50-0.83) |
| Both regular family physician care and HIV specialist care | 1 | 1 |
Note: ADGs = aggregated diagnosis groups, CI = confidence interval, SD = standard deviation.
*Models were adjusted for all listed covariates.
†Capitation-based models may be team based (e.g., Family Health Teams) or non-team based (e.g., Family Health Networks, Family Health Organizations). Enhanced fee for service models include Family Health Groups.
‡Regular HIV specialist care was defined as 3 or more visits to an infectious disease or internal medicine specialist for HIV-specific care.