| Characteristic | Low-income children n = 2050 | All other children n = 6120 | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Male sex, no. (%) | 1077 (52.5) | 3200 (52.3) | 0.8 |
| Age, yr | |||
| Mean ± SD | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 11.1 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 11 (8-14) | 12 (9-14) | |
| Income quintile,no. (%) | |||
| 5 (high) | 273 (13.3) | 1498 (24.5) | Reference |
| 4 | 339 (16.5) | 1400 (22.9) | 0.002 |
| 3 | 360 (17.6) | 1262 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 431 (21.0) | 1058 (17.3) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (low) | 637 (31.1) | 830 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Missing | 10 (0.5) | 72 (1.2) | - |
| Insulin pump, no. (%) | 336 (16.4) | 1441 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
| DM care provider type, no. (%) | |||
| Pediatric endocrinologist | 551 (26.9) | 1473 (24.1) | Reference |
| Pediatrician | 971 (47.4) | 2685 (43.9) | 0.6 |
| Adult endocrinologist | 81 (4.0) | 243 (4.0) | 0.4 |
| Family physician | 172 (8.4) | 526 (8.6) | 0.2 |
| Internal medicine | 24 (1.2) | 105 (1.7) | 0.03 |
| Unknown | 200 (9.8) | 1013 (16.6) | - |
| Distance to nearest DM centre, km | |||
| Mean ± SD | 16.5 ± 23.8 | 24.4 ± 102.8 | < 0.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 8 (4-20) | 9 (5-20) | |
| Location, no. (%) | |||
| Rural | 273 (13.3) | 818 (13.4) | 0.9 |
| Urban | 1775 (86.6) | 5263 (86.0) | |
| Health care use | (n = 2192) | (n = 6120) | |
| Age-standardized admissions to hospital for DM complications | |||
| Boys, admissions per patient-year, mean (CI) | 0.06 (0.05-0.07) | 0.02 (0.02-0.03) | < 0.001† |
| Girls, admissions per patient-year, mean (CI) | 0.08 (0.07-0.09) | 0.03 (0.03-0.04) | < 0.001† |
| Other admissions per patient-year, mean (CI) | 0.12 (0.11-0.13) | 0.05 (0.05-0.05) | < 0.001† |
| DM routine visits | |||
| Proportion with ≥ 2 visits per person-year, n (%) | 1552 (75.7) | 4345 (71.0) | < 0.001† |
| Visits per patient-year, mean (CI) | 3.40 (3.35-3.45) | 3.18 (3.15-3.21) | < 0.001† |
| Rate of visits to emergency department for DM complications | |||
| Visits per patient-year, mean (CI) | 0.03 (0.03-0.04) | 0.02 (0.02-0.02) | < 0.001† |
Note: CI = confidence interval, DM = diabetes mellitus, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
*Determined using χ2 test for categorical variables and Student's t test for continuous variables, unless otherwise specified.
†Determined using χ2 test for proportion with > 2 routine visits, Student t test for visit or admission rates per patient-year.