| Characteristics | Urban primary care physician supply | Nonurban primary care physician supply | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 199 534) | Medium (n = 217 955) | High (n = 169 853) | Low (n = 27 694) | Medium (n = 22 370) | High (n = 75 275) | |
| Network characteristics | ||||||
| Primary care physician FTE per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 63.00 (3.00) | 66.79 (3.12) | 72.05 (4.47) | 61.04 (6.64) | 69.03 (3.46) | 74.89 (8.11) |
| Range | 59.0-64.0 | 64.2-70.3 | 70.4-82.4 | 57.2-64.1 | 64.6-69.3 | 71.5-92.5 |
| Primary care physician loyalty | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 78.02 (3.59) | 81.48 (13.96) | 80.56 (12.30) | 90.83 (8.40) | 87.62 (2.91) | 91.00 (6.71) |
| Range | 71.8-95.9 | 71.5-95.6 | 61.9-90.7 | 83.4-95.2 | 79.6-89.0 | 81.3-94.7 |
| Endocrinologist FTE per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.93 (0.76) | 1.28 (0.90) | 2.37 (3.32) | 0.00 (0.99) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.74 (1.29) |
| Range | 0.0-2.9 | 0.0-5.2 | 0.0-31.9 | 0.0-4.2 | 0.0-0.0 | 0.0-1.6 |
| General internal medicine FTE per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 4.56 (3.82) | 6.76 (5.11) | 7.29 (10.48) | 8.32 (3.00) | 7.56 (3.78) | 5.72 (3.02) |
| Range | 2.8-25.8 | 2.7-18.0 | 2.4-27.5 | 5.9-12.2 | 4.7-11.2 | 3.1-9.0 |
| Cardiologist FTE per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 3.79 (3.29) | 3.07 (1.47) | 8.76 (11.09) | 0.00 (2.74) | 0.01 (2.03) | 3.31 (5.12) |
| Range | 1.3-8.6 | 1.3-8.0 | 2.1-20.9 | 0.0-2.8 | 0.0-4.8 | 0.0-8.1 |
| No. of ophthalmologists per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 2.27 (2.39) | 3.17 (4.41) | 3.62 (4.13) | 1.92 (1.20) | 2.09 (1.82) | 2.84 (1.23) |
| Range | 0.5-4.0 | 0.0-9.6 | 1.1-25.0 | 1.4-3.8 | 0.0-3.0 | 0.0-8.7 |
| No. of optometrists per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 12.40 (3.59) | 15.50 (2.11) | 14.55 (8.46) | 15.95 (1.29) | 17.15 (2.80) | 16.89 (7.88) |
| Range | 7.8-21.2 | 2.0-27.4 | 0.0-20.0 | 13.9-20.2 | 14.1-25.0 | 9.9-21.8 |
| No. of hospital beds per 100 000 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.89 (0.32) | 1.10 (0.65) | 1.84 (1.63) | 1.58 (0.25) | 1.44 (0.41) | 1.70 (0.84) |
| Range | 0.6-2.4 | 0.7-2.2 | 0.9-7.0 | 1.2-1.8 | 0.9-2.0 | 1.2-2.6 |
| Physician characteristics | ||||||
| Patient age, yr, no. (%) | ||||||
| 40-65 | 114 388 (57.3) | 119 187 (54.7) | 90 075 (53.0) | 13 913 (50.2) | 10 942 (48.9) | 38 132 (50.7) |
| 66-85 | 79 523 (39.9) | 91 003 (41.8) | 73 327 (43.2) | 12 719 (45.9) | 10 484 (46.9) | 34 407 (45.7) |
| > 85 | 5 623 (2.8) | 7 765 (3.6) | 6 451 (3.8) | 1 062 (3.8) | 944 (4.2) | 2 736 (3.6) |
| Male, % | 105 537 (52.9) | 114 602 (52.6) | 88 836 (52.3) | 14 886 (53.8) | 12 081 (54.0) | 40 432 (53.7) |
| Income quintile, no. (%) | ||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 44 591 (22.3) | 46 797 (21.5) | 36 927 (21.7) | 6 092 (22.0) | 4 544 (20.3) | 16 098 (21.4) |
| 2 | 45 596 (22.9) | 46 836 (21.5) | 36 539 (21.5) | 5 804 (21.0) | 4 510 (20.2) | 15 676 (20.8) |
| 3 | 42 392 (21.2) | 45 079 (20.7) | 30 174 (17.8) | 5 805 (21.0) | 4 864 (21.7) | 14 911 (19.8) |
| 4 | 38 647 (19.4) | 41 258 (18.9) | 31 468 (18.5) | 5 570 (20.1) | 4 723 (21.1) | 15 777 (21.0) |
| 5 (highest) | 27 795 (13.9) | 36 738 (16.9) | 33 800 (19.9) | 4 096 (14.8) | 3 689 (16.5) | 12 438 (16.5) |
| Missing, no. (%) | 513 (0.3) | 1 247 (0.6) | 945 (0.6) | 327 (1.2) | 40 (0.2) | 375 (0.5) |
| Recent OHIP registrant, no. (%) | 10 710 (5.4) | 8 320 (3.8) | 4 038 (2.4) | 341 (1.2) | 147 (0.7) | 662 (0.9) |
| Diabetes duration, yr, no. (%) | ||||||
| 2-3 | 41 171 (20.6) | 46 724 (21.4) | 34 125 (20.1) | 5 317 (19.2) | 4 445 (19.9) | 14 698 (19.5) |
| 4-9 | 82 550 (41.4) | 89 042 (40.9) | 71 184 (41.9) | 11 119 (40.1) | 9 056 (40.5) | 30 871 (41.0) |
| 10-14 | 41 264 (20.7) | 44 885 (20.6) | 34 567 (20.4) | 5 859 (21.2) | 4 671 (20.9) | 15 992 (21.2) |
| ≥ 15 | 34 549 (17.3) | 37 304 (17.1) | 29 977 (17.6) | 5 399 (19.5) | 4 198 (18.8) | 13 714 (18.2) |
| Mental health diagnosis, no. (%) | ||||||
| None | 146 558 (73.5) | 156 771 (71.9) | 121 071 (71.3) | 21 090 (76.2) | 17 446 (78.0) | 57 765 (76.7) |
| Nonpsychotic | 50 521 (25.3) | 57 926 (26.6) | 45 756 (26.9) | 6 160 (22.2) | 4 597 (20.5) | 16 355 (21.7) |
| Psychotic | 2 455 (1.2) | 3 258 (1.5) | 3 026 (1.8) | 444 (1.6) | 327 (1.5) | 1 155 (1.5) |
| Number of ADGs*, no. (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 1 775 (0.9) | 1 942 (0.9) | 1 481 (0.9) | 201 (0.7) | 196 (0.9) | 671 (0.9) |
| 1 | 5 469 (2.7) | 7 232 (3.3) | 5 612 (3.3) | 1 066 (3.8) | 908 (4.1) | 3 134 (4.2) |
| 2-5 | 67 924 (34.0) | 77 730 (35.7) | 59 740 (35.2) | 9,942 (35.9) | 8 654 (38.7) | 29 255 (38.9) |
| 6-10 | 92 061 (46.1) | 96 252 (44.2) | 74 374 (43.8) | 11 949 (43.1) | 9 343 (41.8) | 31 784 (42.2) |
| ≥ 11 | 32 305 (16.2) | 34 799 (16.0) | 28 646 (16.9) | 4,536 (16.4) | 3 269 (14.6) | 10 431 (13.9) |
| RUB†, no. (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 1 775 (0.9) | 1 942 (0.9) | 1 481 (0.9) | 201 (0.7) | 196 (0.9) | 671 (0.9) |
| 1 | 824 (0.4) | 1 060 (0.5) | 756 (0.4) | 120 (0.4) | 105 (0.5) | 314 (0.4) |
| 2 | 13 277 (6.7) | 16 222 (7.4) | 12 279 (7.2) | 2 192 (7.9) | 1 951 (8.7) | 5 994 (8.0) |
| 3 | 118 296 (59.3) | 124 170 (57.0) | 95 418 (56.2) | 14 732 (53.2) | 12 228 (54.7) | 41 294 (54.9) |
| 4 | 41 809 (21.0) | 45 473 (20.9) | 36 208 (21.3) | 6 024 (21.8) | 4 587 (20.5) | 15 683 (20.8) |
| 5 | 23 553 (11.8) | 29 088 (13.3) | 23 711 (14.0) | 4 425 (16.0) | 3 303 (14.8) | 11 319 (15.0) |
Note: ADG = adjusted diagnosis group, FTE = full time equivalent, IQR = inter-quartile range, OHIP = Ontario Health Insurance Plan, RUB = resources utilization band.
*General measure of comorbidity generated by the Johns Hopkins ACG Case-Mix System. A higher number of ADGs represents higher comorbidity.
†Measure of health care use generated by the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group Case-Mix System. A higher number represents greater health care use.