| Outcome | Patients, no. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Nonurban | |||||
| Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |
| Evidence-based testing (n = 621 692) | ||||||
| Retinal eye examination | 130 627 (70.8) | 139 644 (71.7) | 106 120 (72.5) | 9 172 (77.5) | 11 194 (77.4) | 44 963 (76.8) |
| Cholesterol test | 164 171 (89.0) | 170 794 (87.7) | 127 818 (87.4) | 9 947 (84.0) | 12 785 (88.4) | 50 931 (87.0) |
| HbA1C test | ||||||
| 0 | 26 014 (14.1) | 29 285 (15.0) | 22 613 (15.5) | 1 833 (15.5) | 1 864 (12.9) | 8,107 (13.8) |
| 1-3 | 81 639 (44.2) | 81 517 (41.8) | 60 042 (41.0) | 4 889 (41.3) | 5 190 (35.9) | 21 180 (36.2) |
| ≥ 4 | 76 852 (41.7) | 84 014 (43.1) | 63 628 (43.5) | 5 118 (43.2) | 7 404 (51.2) | 29 252 (50.0) |
| Optimal monitoring* | 64 308 (34.9) | 70 134 (36.0) | 53 836 (36.8) | 4 352 (36.8) | 6 284 (43.5) | 25 065 (42.8) |
| Hospital visits for diabetes complications† (n = 756 597) | ||||||
| Hospital admissions | ||||||
| 0 | 189 465 (95.0) | 206 006 (94.5) | 160 396 (94.4) | 25 559 (92.3) | 20 689 (92.5) | 69 976 (93.0) |
| 1 | 7 166 (3.6) | 8 507 (3.9) | 6 706 (4.0) | 1 525 (5.5) | 1 186 (5.3) | 3 829 (5.1) |
| 2 | 1 809 (0.9) | 2 142 (1.0) | 1 661 (1.0) | 362 (1.3) | 304 (1.4) | 905 (1.2) |
| ≥ 3 | 1 094 (0.5) | 1 300 (0.6) | 1 090 (0.6) | 248 (0.9) | 191 (0.9) | 565 (0.8) |
| ≥ 1 | 10 069 (5.0) | 11 949 (5.5) | 9 457 (5.6) | 2 135 (7.7) | 1 681 (7.5) | 5 299 (7.0) |
| Emergency department visits | ||||||
| 0 | 188 264 (94.4) | 204 141 (93.7) | 158 508 (93.3) | 24 992 (90.2) | 20 314 (90.8) | 68 559 (91.1) |
| 1 | 8 318 (4.2) | 10 105 (4.6) | 8 267 (4.9) | 1 914 (6.9) | 1 517 (6.8) | 4 798 (6.4) |
| 2 | 1 847 (0.9) | 2 325 (1.1) | 1 975 (1.2) | 471 (1.7) | 330 (1.5) | 1 175 (1.6) |
| ≥ 3 | 1 105 (0.6) | 1 384 (0.6) | 1 103 (0.6) | 317 (1.1) | 209 (0.9) | 743 (1.0) |
| ≥ 1 | 11 270 (5.6) | 13 814 (6.3) | 11 345 (6.7) | 2 702 (9.8) | 2 056 (9.2) | 6 716 (8.9) |
Note: HBA1c = glycated hemoglobin.
*Optimal monitoring defined as 1 retinal eye exam, 1 cholesterol test, and 4 HBA1c tests during the 2-year study period.
†Hospital visits for diabetes complications included visits for hyper/hypoglycemia, skin or soft-tissue infection, or cardiovascular events.