| Anglin
et al., 198724 | Los Angeles, USA | Cohort | 546 | M: 282 (51.6)F: 264 (48.4) | M: 33.6
F: 30.4 | White: 77.7
Hispanic: 22.3 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use; legal involvement; marital status; employment during treatment; long-term prognosis |
| Brown
et al., 199325 | Brooklyn,
USA | Cohort | 468 | M: 291 (62.2)F: 177 (37.8) | M: 37.7F: 35.8 | Black: 55.6Hispanic: 44.4 | Illicit opioid use; polysubstance use; health status; psychological status; legal involvement; marital status; employment during treatment |
| Camacho
et al., 199626 | Fort Worth,
USA | Cohort | 326 | M: 223 (68.4)F: 103 (31.6) | M: 38.0F: 34.0 | Black: 16Hispanic: 45White: 36Other: 4 | Methadone dosage; high-risk sexual behaviour |
| Chatham
et al., 199927 | Fort Worth,
USA | Cohort | 405 | M: 279 (68.9)F: 126 (31.1) | M: 37.6F: 34.4 | Hispanic: 43White: 36Black: 16 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use; health status; psychological status; legal involvement; high-risk sexual behaviour; marital status; employment during treatment |
| Grella
et al., 201228 | Los Angeles, USA | Cohort | 343 | M: 191 (55.7)F: 152 (44.3) | M: 58.3 ± 4.9F: 55.0 ± 4.1 | White: 71.1Hispanic: 26.8Other: 2.0 | Health status; psychological status; employment during treatment; long-term prognosis |
| Haug
et al., 200529 | San Francisco, USA | Secondary data analysis | 78 | M: 42 (53.8)F: 36 (46.2) | M: 42.9 ± 7.95F: 45.5 ± 7.62 | White: 35Black: 32Hispanic: 12Other: 12 | Illicit opioid use; polysubstance use; health status; psychological status |
| Hser
et al., 1990-199130 | Los Angeles, USA | Cohort | 720 | M: 392 (54.4)F: 328 (45.6) | M: 33.4F: 30.2 | White: 74.2Hispanic: 25.8 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use; legal involvement; marital status; employment during treatment |
| Jimenez-Trevino
et al. , 201131 | Oviedo,
Spain | Cohort | 53 | M: 41 (77.4)F: 12 (22.6) | M: 51.2 ± 10.1F: 49.8 ± 3.8 | NR | Long-term prognosis |
| Jones
et al., 200532 | Baltimore,
USA | RCT | 55 | M: 36 (65.5)F: 19 (34.5) | M: 37.3 ± 1.2F: 35.0 ± 1.5 | White: 46Nonwhite: 54 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention |
| Marsh
et al., 198633 | Fort Worth,
USA | Cohort | 175 | M: 91 (52.0)F: 84 (48.0) | M: 26.8F: 24.6 | Black: 52White: 48 | Long-term prognosis |
| Mulvaney
et al., 199934 | Philadelphia, USA | Cohort | 548 | M: 343 (62.6)F: 205 (37.4) | NR | Black: 58Hispanic: 42 | Illicit opioid use; polysubstance use; health status; psychological status; legal involvement; marital status; employment during treatment |
| Peles
et al., 200635 | Tel-Aviv,
Israel | Cohort | 470 | M: 339 (72.1)F: 131 (27.9) | M: 37.3 ± 8.3F: 34.5 ± 7.5 | "Mainly Israeli" | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use; methadone dosage |
| Rutherford
et al., 199736 | Philadelphia, USA | Cohort | 72 | M: 44 (61.1)F: 28 (38.9) | M: 39.7F: 35.2 | White: 51.4Black: 45.8 | Employment during treatment |
| Savage
et al., 198037 | Forth Worth, USA | Cohort | 1483 | M: 1151 (77.6)F: 332 (22.4) | M: 27.4F: 25.9 | Black: 46.2White: 31.6Hispanic:† 22.2 | Long-term prognosis |
| Schiff
et al., 200738 | Jerusalem, Israel | Secondary data analysis | 2683 | M: 2352 (87.7)F: 331 (12.3) | NR | "Mainly Israeli" | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use |
| Schilling
et al., 199139 | New York
City, USA | Cohort | 244 | M: 135 (55.3)F: 109 (44.7) | M: 38.9 ± 8.8F: 34.5 ± 5.8 | White: 22Black: 54Hispanic: 23Other: 1 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use; high-risk sexual behaviour; marital status; employment during treatment |
| Schottenfeld
et al., 199840 | West Haven, USA | RCT | 58 | M: 39 (67.2)F: 19 (32.8) | M: 33.0F: 33.4 | White: 75.9Not specified: 24.1 | Illicit opioid use; treatment retention; polysubstance use |
| Steer
et al., 198041 | Philadelphia, USA | Cohort | 150 | M: 107 (71.3)F: 43 (28.7) | NR | Black: 70White: 30 | Psychological status |
| Stenbacka
et al., 200342 | Stockholm, Sweden | Cohort | 331 | M: 233 (70.4)F: 98 (29.6) | NR | "Swedish" | Legal involvement |
| Webber et al., 199943 | Bronx, USA | Cohort | 524 | M: 302 (57.6)F: 222 (42.4) | Median age (min-max)M: 37.1 (21.6 to 66.0)F: 34.7 (19.9 to 66.1) | Hispanic: 63Black: 23White: 14 | Illicit opioid use |
| Note: F = female, GRADE = Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation,23 M = male, NR = not reported, RCT = randomized controlled trial,
SD = standard deviation.*Some values do not add up to 100 owing to rounding.
†Puerto Rican 9.8%, Mexican American 12.4%. |