| Covariate | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|
| HIV-infection | 1.02 (0.72-1.45) | 0.85 (0.59-1.21) |
| Age, yr | ||
| 18-34 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35-49 | 0.83 (0.82-0.85) | 0.91 (0.89-0.93) |
| Pre-existing diabetes | 2.05 (1.95-2.14) | 1.47 (1.39-1.54) |
| Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy | 1.47 (1.42-1.51) | 1.27 (1.23-1.31) |
| Pre-existing hypertension | 5.15 (5.01-5.32) | 4.28 (4.15-4.42) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.27 (1.21-1.33) | 1.03 (0.98-1.08) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.78 (3.37-4.25) | 1.83 (1.61-2.08) |
| Aggregated diagnosis groups | ||
| 0-5 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 6-10 | 1.60 (1.57-1.62) | 1.41 (1.38 t0 1.43) |
| 11 or more | 2.65 (2.52-2.79) | 1.93 (1.82-2.03) |
| Adequacy of prenatal care (R-GINDEX) | ||
| Adequate or intensive (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 0.58 (0.57-0.59) | 0.65 (0.64-0.66) |
| Inadequate | 0.60 (0.58-0.61) | 0.70 (0.68-0.72) |
| Immigration status | ||
| Non-immigrant (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 0.90 (0.85-0.95) |
| Non-recent immigrant, other world regions | 0.72 (0.69-0.74) | 0.70 (0.68-0.72) |
| Recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean | 0.83 (0.77-0.89) | 0.79 (0.73-0.85) |
| Recent immigrant, other world regions | 0.63 (0.61-0.64) | 0.64 (0.62-0.66) |
| Material deprivation income quintile | ||
| 1 (least deprived; reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | 1.04 (1.01-1.06) |
| 3 | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) | 1.03 (1.00-1.05) |
| 4 | 1.01 (0.99-1.04) | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) |
| Residential instability quintile | ||
| 1 (least instability; reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.09 (1.07-1.12) | 1.09 (1.06-1.11) |
| 3 | 1.11 (1.09-1.14) | 1.09 (1.06-1.13) |
| 4 | 1.07 (1.05-1.10) | 1.07 (1.04-1.10) |
| 5 (most instability) | 1.03 (1.01-1.06) | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) |
| Multiple birth | 2.45 (2.34-2.55) | 2.06 (1.97-2.15) |
| Parity | 0.62 (0.61-0.63) | 0.61 (0.60-0.62) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, R-GINDEX = revised-graduated prenatal care utilization index.