| Medication and laboratory data | No. (%) of patients* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before weighting | After weighting† | |||||||||
| Sitagliptin n = 57 689 | Alternative hypoglycemic agent n = 83 405 | Standardized difference, %‡ | Sitagliptin n = 57 689 | Alternative hypoglycemic agent n = 55 705 | Standardized difference, %‡ | |||||
| Medication use before the index date§ | ||||||||||
| Diuretics | 18 516 | (32.10) | 28 090 | (33.68) | 3 | 18 516 | (32.10) | 18 644 | (33.47) | 3 |
| Anti-inflammatories | 10 816 | (18.75) | 13 157 | (15.77) | 8 | 10 816 | (18.75) | 10 268 | (18.43) | 1 |
| Glucocorticoids | 11 297 | (19.58) | 16 121 | (19.33) | 1 | 11 297 | (19.58) | 11 350 | (20.38) | 2 |
| Sulfonamides | 859 | (1.49) | 1 647 | (1.97) | 4 | 859 | (1.49) | 1 029 | (1.85) | 3 |
| Tetracyclines | 85 | (0.15) | 152 | (0.18) | 1 | 85 | (0.15) | 128 | (0.23) | 2 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 43 829 | (75.97) | 51 532 | (61.79) | 31 | 43 829 | (75.97) | 42 210 | (75.77) | 0 |
| Estrogen therapy | 601 | (1.04) | 886 | (1.06) | 0 | 601 | (1.04) | 689 | (1.24) | 2 |
| β-blockers | 18 780 | (32.55) | 25 985 | (31.16) | 3 | 18 780 | (32.55) | 19 343 | (34.72) | 5 |
| Azathioprine | 74 | (0.13) | 139 | (0.17) | 1 | 74 | (0.13) | 67 | (0.12) | 0 |
| Acetaminophen | 2 981 | (5.17) | 4 455 | (5.34) | 1 | 2 981 | (5.17) | 2 871 | (5.15) | 0 |
| Methyldopa | 92 | (0.16) | 129 | (0.15) | 0 | 92 | (0.16) | 111 | (0.20) | 1 |
| Tamoxifen | 65 | (0.11) | 84 | (0.10) | 0 | 65 | (0.11) | 42 | (0.08) | 1 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 26 098 | (45.24) | 32 599 | (39.09) | 12 | 26 098 | (45.24) | 25 536 | (45.84) | 1 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 19 645 | (34.05) | 21 037 | (25.22) | 19 | 19 645 | (34.05) | 18 335 | (32.91) | 2 |
| Aliskiren | 1 394 | (2.42) | 951 | (1.14) | 10 | 1 394 | (2.42) | 979 | (1.76) | 5 |
| Codeine | 5 667 | (9.82) | 7 468 | (8.95) | 3 | 5 667 | (9.82) | 5 693 | (10.22) | 1 |
| Mesalamine | 55 | (0.10) | 63 | (0.08) | 1 | 55 | (0.10) | 43 | (0.08) | 1 |
| Metronidazole | 730 | (1.27) | 1 129 | (1.35) | 1 | 730 | (1.27) | 774 | (1.39) | 1 |
| Sulindac | 37 | (0.06) | 41 | (0.05) | 1 | 37 | (0.06) | 28 | (0.05) | 1 |
| Valproic acid | 41 | (0.07) | 94 | (0.11) | 1 | 41 | (0.07) | 53 | (0.10) | 1 |
| Amiodarone | 336 | (0.58) | 639 | (0.77) | 2 | 336 | (0.58) | 377 | (0.68) | 1 |
| Lamivudine | 12 | (0.02) | 12 | (0.01) | 0 | 12 | (0.02) | ≤ 5 | — | |
| Omeprazole | 2 343 | (4.06) | 3 519 | (4.22) | 1 | 2 343 | (4.06) | 2 639 | (4.74) | 3 |
| Erythromycin | 43 | (0.07) | 54 | (0.06) | 0 | 43 | (0.07) | 32 | (0.06) | 1 |
| Hypoglycemic agents prescribed in the 120 d before index date¶ | ||||||||||
| Insulin | 4 505 | (7.81) | 3 164 | (3.79) | 17 | 4 505 | (7.81) | 4 091 | (7.34) | 2 |
| Gliclazide | 17 142 | (29.71) | 4 566 | (5.47) | 67 | 17 142 | (29.71) | 14 734 | (26.45) | 7 |
| Glyburide | 13 807 | (23.93) | 12 681 | (15.20) | 22 | 13 807 | (23.93) | 14 847 | (26.65) | 6 |
| Metformin | 43 135 | (74.77) | 20 987 | (25.16) | 14 | 43 135 | (74.77) | 41 592 | (74.66) | 0 |
| Pioglitazone | 5 812 | (10.07) | 1 863 | (2.23) | 33 | 5 812 | (10.07) | 5 949 | (10.68) | 2 |
| Repaglinide | 341 | (0.59) | 194 | (0.23) | 6 | 341 | (0.59) | 228 | (0.41) | 3 |
| Rosiglitazone | 2 015 | (3.49) | 524 | (0.63) | 20 | 2 015 | (3.49) | 1 956 | (3.51) | 0 |
| Hypoglycemic agents prescribed on the index date** | ||||||||||
| Insulin | 1 010 | (1.75) | ≤ 5‡‡ | — | 1 010 | (1.75) | 0 | 19 | ||
| Gliclazide | 6 232 | (10.80) | 5 578 | (6.69) | 15 | 6 232 | (10.80) | 0 | 49 | |
| Glyburide | 2 982 | (5.17) | 6 198 | (7.43) | 9 | 2 982 | (5.17) | 0 | 33 | |
| Metformin | 14 174 | (24.57) | 1 324 | (1.59) | 73 | 14 174 | (24.57) | 0 | 81 | |
| Pioglitazone | 652 | (1.13) | 409 | (0.49) | 7 | 652 | (1.13) | 771 | (1.38) | 2 |
| Repaglinide | 61 | (0.11) | 27 | (0.03) | 3 | 61 | (0.11) | 13 | (0.02) | 3 |
| Rosiglitazone | 89 | (0.15) | 51 | (0.06) | 3 | 89 | (0.15) | 105 | (0.19) | 1 |
| Hypoglycemic agents prescribed in the 1 yr to 120 d before the index date†† | ||||||||||
| Insulin | 4 671 | (8.10) | 5 272 | (6.32) | 37 | 4 671 | (8.10) | 4 213 | (7.56) | 2 |
| Gliclazide | 17 175 | (29.77) | 5 886 | (7.06) | 61 | 17 175 | (29.77) | 14 249 | (25.58) | 9 |
| Glyburide | 17 038 | (29.53) | 15 101 | (18.11) | 27 | 17 038 | (29.53) | 17 053 | (30.61) | 2 |
| Metformin | 45 376 | (78.66) | 27 777 | (33.30) | 103 | 45 376 | (78.66) | 41 580 | (74.64) | 9 |
| Pioglitazone | 7 023 | (12.17) | 2 918 | (3.50) | 33 | 7 023 | (12.17) | 6 493 | (11.66) | 2 |
| Repaglinide | 450 | (0.78) | 372 | (0.45) | 4 | 450 | (0.78) | 353 | (0.63) | 2 |
| Rosiglitazone | 2 981 | (5.17) | 1 123 | (1.35) | 22 | 2 981 | (5.17) | 2 447 | (4.39) | 4 |
| Recent test for glycosylated hemoglobin levels | 16 413 | (28.45) | 14 837 | (26.63) | 4 | |||||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin level, % | ||||||||||
| Mean | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8 | |||||||
| Median | 7.4 | 7.5 | ||||||||
| 25th percentile | 6.9 | 6.9 | ||||||||
| 75th percentile | 8.2 | 8.4 | ||||||||
| Standard deviation | 1.3 | 1.2 | ||||||||
*Unless stated otherwise. †All patients identified before weighting were included in the analyses. The number of patients indicated represents a weighted total. ‡Standardized differences are less sensitive to sample size than traditional hypothesis tests. They provide a measure of the difference between groups divided by the pooled standard deviation; a value greater than 10% is interpreted as a meaningful difference between the groups. §Baseline medication use was assessed in the previous 120 days. There were no prescriptions for pentamidine, flucytosine, clomiphene, clozapine, acarbose, acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, nateglinide or tolbutamide. There were less than 1% prescriptions for dapsone, isoniazid, procainamide, methimazole and nelfinavir. ¶Hypoglycemic agent use in the previous 120 days includes hypoglycemic drugs prescribed from –120 to –1 day before the index date where days’ supply covered the index date. **Hypoglycemic agent use on the index date refers to hypoglycemic drugs prescribed on the same day as study drug (index date). ††Hypoglycemic agent use in the previous 365 to 120 days includes those hypoglycemic drugs prescribed from –365 to –120 days before the index date. ‡‡Numbers less than 6 were not reported for privacy reasons.