| Variable | Group; no. (%)* of patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPI | Control | Standardized difference | |||
| Age, median (IQR), yr | 74 | (69–80) | 74 | (69–80) | 0.00 |
| 66–74 | 152 738 | (52.6) | 152 485 | (52.5) | 0.00 |
| 75–84 | 103 550 | (35.6) | 103 628 | (35.7) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 85 | 34 304 | (11.8) | 34 479 | (11.9) | 0.00 |
| Female sex | 164 724 | (56.7) | 164 724 | (56.7) | 0.00 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |||||
| No hospital admission | 104 653 | (36.0) | 96 921 | (33.4) | 0.06 |
| 0 | 119 351 | (41.1) | 128 762 | (44.3) | 0.07 |
| 1 | 27 954 | (9.6) | 27 740 | (9.5) | 0.00 |
| ≥ 2 | 38 634 | (13.3) | 37 169 | (12.8) | 0.02 |
| No. of hospital admissions in previous yr | 0 | (0–0) | 0 | (0–0) | 0.02 |
| Residence in a long-term care facility | 13 161 | (4.5) | 11 889 | (4.1) | 0.02 |
| No. of prescription drugs in previous yr, median (IQR) | 6 | (3–9) | 6 | (3–9) | 0.01 |
| Medication use in previous 120 d | |||||
| Oral corticosteroids | 6 351 | (2.2) | 5 501 | (1.9) | 0.02 |
| Anticoagulants | 16 990 | (5.8) | 16 662 | (5.7) | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 68 078 | (23.4) | 69 181 | (23.8) | 0.01 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker | 110 527 | (38.0) | 114 843 | (39.5) | 0.03 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 4 145 | (1.4) | 3 969 | (1.4) | 0.00 |
| Fibric acid derivatives | 5 268 | (1.8) | 5 522 | (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Metformin | 31 198 | (10.7) | 32 673 | (11.2) | 0.02 |
| Sulfonylureas | 18 753 | (6.5) | 19 425 | (6.7) | 0.01 |
| Insulin | 7 093 | (2.4) | 7 132 | (2.5) | 0.00 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 3 290 | (1.1) | 3 585 | (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Other oral antihypoglycemics | 1 546 | (0.5) | 1 500 | (0.5) | 0.00 |
| Chronic NSAIDs | 43 719 | (15.0) | 41 821 | (14.4) | 0.02 |
| Chronic diuretics | 96 659 | (33.3) | 99 948 | (34.4) | 0.02 |
| β-adrenergic antagonists | 65 227 | (22.4) | 66 329 | (22.8) | 0.01 |
| Income quintile | |||||
| 1 (lowest) | 56 902 | (19.6) | 55 615 | (19.1) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 61 151 | (21.0) | 60 994 | (21.0) | 0.00 |
| 3 | 57 491 | (19.8) | 57 942 | (19.9) | 0.00 |
| 4 | 56 741 | (19.5) | 57 689 | (19.9) | 0.01 |
| 5 (highest) | 57 105 | (19.7) | 57 463 | (19.8) | 0.00 |
| Medical conditions and procedures in previous 5 yr | |||||
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 1 610 | (0.6) | 1 366 | (0.5) | 0.01 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 25 113 | (8.6) | 22 756 | (7.8) | 0.03 |
| Esophageal disease | 14 557 | (5.0) | 11 620 | (4.0) | 0.05 |
| Diabetes | 68 921 | (23.7) | 69 681 | (24.0) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 200 516 | (69.0) | 205 589 | (70.7) | 0.04 |
| Chronic alcohol use | 7 321 | (2.5) | 7 371 | (2.5) | 0.00 |
| Systemic malignancy | 13 676 | (4.7) | 13 486 | (4.6) | 0.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 018 | (4.1) | 12 018 | (4.1) | 0.00 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 679 | (0.6) | 1 654 | (0.6) | 0.00 |
| Congestive heart failure | 25 184 | (8.7) | 22 963 | (7.9) | 0.03 |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PPI = proton pump inhibitor. *Unless stated otherwise.