Cost status; % of patients† | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | All n = 100 178 | Persistently high cost n = 236 | Episodic high cost n = 5 062 | Non–high cost n = 94 880 |
Age, yr, median (IQR) | 43 (24–66) | 60 (49–73) | 66 (51–78) | 40 (23–65) |
Age group, yr | ||||
≤ 18 | 21.1 | 0.9 | 6.6 | 21.9 |
19–45 | 31.1 | 18.2 | 12.2 | 32.2 |
46–69 | 26.3 | 51.7 | 38.7 | 25.6 |
70–79 | 10.8 | 17.4 | 21.6 | 10.2 |
≥ 80 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 20.9 | 10.1 |
Sex, male | 39.6 | 54.7 | 52.6 | 38.9 |
Marital status | ||||
Married or common law | 50.1 | 56.8 | 52.0 | 49.9 |
Single | 33.5 | 19.9 | 22.7 | 34.1 |
Separated, divorced or widowed | 11.9 | 21.6 | 22.1 | 11.3 |
Unknown | 4.6 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 4.6 |
Comorbid condition (Elixhauser index) | ||||
Congestive heart failure | 3.4 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 3.1 |
Cardiac arrhythmias | 5.1 | 12.3 | 14.3 | 4.6 |
Valvular disease | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.8 |
Pulmonary circulation disorder | 1.0 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.9 |
Peripheral vascular disorder | 2.7 | 13.6 | 8.6 | 2.4 |
Hypertension (uncomplicated) | 11.7 | 31.8 | 29.1 | 10.7 |
Hypertension (with complications) | 0.3 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
Paralysis | 1.1 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 0.9 |
Neurodegenerative disorder | 2.9 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 2.6 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4.8 | 13.1 | 11.0 | 4.4 |
Diabetes (uncomplicated) | 7.8 | 24.6 | 15.5 | 7.4 |
Diabetes (with complications) | 6.9 | 26.3 | 20.9 | 6.1 |
Hypothyroidism | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Renal failure | 2.4 | 12.3 | 8.0 | 2.1 |
Liver disease | 1.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 1.1 |
Peptic ulcer disease, no bleeding | 0.5 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
AIDS/HIV | 0.2 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Lymphoma | 1.1 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 0.9 |
Metastatic cancer | 4.4 | 4.7 | 8.1 | 4.2 |
Solid tumour without metastasis | 10.7 | 14.0 | 18.9 | 10.3 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.7 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.6 |
Coagulopathy | 1.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 1.0 |
Obesity | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 1.5 |
Weight loss | 1.0 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 0.9 |
Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 3.9 | 14.0 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
Blood-loss anemia | 0.3 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Deficiency anemia | 1.0 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
Alcohol abuse | 1.8 | 6.8 | 4.4 | 1.7 |
Drug abuse | 1.0 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 |
Psychosis | 0.8 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
Depression | 2.0 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 |
Elixhauser comorbidity score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–4) | 5 (0–11) | 5 (0–11) | 0 (0–3) |
Note: IQR = interquartile range. *Persistently high cost = costs were in top 5% of cumulative direct costs in 2 or more of the study years; episodic high cost = costs were in top 5% in only 1 of the study years; non–high cost = costs were in the bottom 95% in all study years (includes patients with no events in a fiscal year). †Unless stated otherwise.