| Outcome; group or subgroup | Meta-analysis, mean difference (95% CI) | Statistical heterogeneity (within-group) | Test for between-group differences | No. participants | No. of studies | GRADE quality of evidence* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | I2 value, % | p value | I2 value, % | |||||||
| Change in body mass index (kg/m2) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –1.12 | (–1.52 to –0.72) | < 0.00001 | 92 | NA | 3100 | 21 | Moderate | ||
| Behavioural | –1.15 | (–1.59 to –0.72) | < 0.00001 | 93 | 0.29 | 10.4 | 2538 | 19 | Moderate | |
| Pharmacological + Behavioural | –0.86 | (–1.19 to –0.52) | 0.81 | 0 | 562 | 2 | Moderate | |||
| Change in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –3.42 | (–6.65 to –0.29) | 0.003 | 75 | NA | 808 | 5 | Moderate | ||
| Change in diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –3.39 | (–5.17 to –1.60) | 0.11 | 47 | NA | 808 | 5 | Moderate | ||
| Change in total cholesterol (mmol/L) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –0.06 | (–0.19 to 0.07) | 0.03, | 63 | NA | 904 | 5 | Low | ||
| Change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | 0.01 | (–0.11 to 0.13) | 0.009 | 70 | NA | 904 | 5 | Low | ||
| Change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –0.02 | (–0.05 to 0.01) | 0.16 | 37 | NA | 971 | 6 | Low | ||
| Change in triglycerides (mmol/L) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | –0.02 | (–0.12 to 0.09) | 0.19 | 35 | NA | 937 | 5 | Low | ||
| Change in fasting glucose (mmol/L) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | 0.06 | (–0.29 to 0.17) | NA | NA | 528 | 1 | Low | |||
| Change in overall quality of life (pediatric quality of life inventory or DISABKIDS questionnaire) (baseline to immediate post) | ||||||||||
| Overall | 2.10 | (0.60 to 3.60) | 0.37 | 8 | NA | 777 | 6 | Moderate | ||
| Note: GRADE =Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. *Rating reflects confidence in the estimate of effect assessed through 5 domains of the evidence (risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision, inconsistency and reporting bias) as follows: high = no downgrades, moderate = downgraded for risk of bias, low = downgraded for risk of bias and imprecision, very low = downgraded for very serious risk of bias (double downgrade) and imprecision. | ||||||||||