Table 2: Risk of bias assessment²⁷ of included trials

Study	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of personnel/ participants	Blinding of outcome assessors			Incomplete reporting			Selective reporting	Other bias
Study	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of personnel/ participants	Objective*	Subjective†	Self-reported‡	Objective*	Subjective†	Self-reported‡	Selective reporting	Other bias
Bäcklund et al.⁵²	U	U	H		U			L		L	L
Bryant et al.⁴⁰	L	U	H		U			H		H	H
Chanoine et al.³¹	U	L	U	L	U	U	H	H	H	L	H
Coppins et al.⁴³	U	U	H		U			L		L	L
Croker et al.⁴²	L	U	H		L	H		H	H	L	L
DeBar et al.⁴¹	L	U	H	L	L	H	L	L	L	L	L
Doyle et al.³⁷	L	L	H		L			L		L	L
Ebbeling et al.⁵⁷	U	U	H		L	H		L	L	L	L
Epstein et al.³⁸	L	U	H		U			L		L	L
Golley et al.³³	L	L	H		L			L		L	L
Janicke et al.⁵⁴	U	U	H		U			L		L	H
Lisón et al.⁵⁶	H	H	H		U			L		L	H
Lochrie et al.⁶⁰	U	U	H		U			H		L	H
Maahs et al.³⁹	U	U	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	H
Maddison et al.⁴⁶	L	L	H		U	U		L	L	L	L
McCallum et al.³⁴	L	U	H		U			L		L	L
Nemet et al.³⁶	L	U	H		U			L		L	L
O’Connor et al.⁶¹	L	U	H		U			L		L	H
Racine et al.⁴⁹	U	U	H	L	U	U	L	L	U	L	H
Reinehr et al.⁴⁸	L	U	H		H			L		L	H
Sacher et al.⁵³	L	U	H	L	H		H	H		L	L
Saelens et al.³⁵	L	L	H		U			L		L	H
Savoye et al.³²	L	L	H	L	U		H	H		L	L
Taveras et al.⁴⁵	L	U	H		U			L		L	L
Toulabi et al.⁵⁸	U	U	H		U			U		L	L
Vos et al.⁵⁵	L	U	H	L	U	H	L	L	L	L	H
Wafa et al.⁴⁴	L	L	H		L	H		H	H	L	L
Wake et al.⁵⁰	L	L	H		L	H		L	L	L	U
Wake et al.⁵⁹	L	U	H		L	H		L	L	L	H
Waling et al.⁴⁷	U	U	L		U			H		L	L
Weigel et al.⁵¹	H	H	H		U			L		L	L

Note: H = high risk, L = low risk, U = unclear risk. *Total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, high- and low-density lipoprotein levels, fasting glucose. †Weight, blood pressure, quality of life, physical fitness, adverse effects. ‡Quality of life, adverse effects.