Table 4: Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of comorbidities in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and prevalence ratios for multimorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Variable	No. (%) of patients		Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)*
Variable	COPD n = 10 043	No COPD n = 103 193	Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)*
COPD alone	2338 (23.3)	–	–	–
No. of comorbid conditions
≥ 1	7705 (76.7)	68 297 (66.2)	1.12	(1.10–1.13)
≥ 2	4156 (41.4)	34 896 (33.8)	1.31	(1.27–1.34)
≥ 3	1436 (14.3)	8 597 (8.3)	1.61	(1.53–1.70)
≥ 4	319 (3.2)	1 450 (1.4)	1.90	(1.67–2.15)

Note: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. *Poisson model: parameter estimates (n = 250 346). Models included the predictor COPD (yes/no), along with age and sex. Interpretation: Patients with COPD are 1.12 times as likely to have 1 or more other chronic conditions as those without COPD, and so on.