| Characteristic | Shelter program; no. (%) of participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hostel n = 20 | Harm reduction n = 41 | Long-term care n = 50 | Total n = 111 | p value | |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 43.4 ± 9.4 | 52.9 ± 9.3 | 59.7 ± 10.7 | 54.2 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
| Ethnic origin, white (n = 110) | 11/19 (58) | 35/41 (85) | 38/50 (76) | 84/110 (76) | 0.07 |
| Highest level of education (n = 110) | 0.9 | ||||
| Some high school or less | 10/20 (50) | 17/41 (41) | 21/49 (43) | 48/110 (44) | |
| High school or equivalent | 2/20 (10) | 8/41 (20) | 9/49 (18) | 19/110 (17) | |
| Vocational training, college or above | 8/20 (40) | 16/41 (39) | 19/49 (39) | 43/110 (39) | |
| Homelessness duration, mo, median (IQR) (n = 83) | 24.0 (6.3–60.0) | 18.5 (10.1–41.5) | 20.5 (9.0–84.0) | 20.5 (8.0–72.0) | 0.9 |
| History of arrest (n = 87) | 19/20 (95) | 14/18 (78) | 30/49 (61) | 63/87 (72) | 0.02 |
| Lifetime history of substance abuse (n = 110) | 14/20 (70) | 31/40 (78) | 25/50 (50) | 70/110 (64) | 0.02 |
| Lifetime history of mental illness (n = 103) | 10/19 (53) | 19/35 (54) | 22/49 (45) | 51/103 (50) | 0.7 |
| Lifetime history of seizures (n = 86) | 2/20 (10) | 21/31 (68) | 10/35 (29) | 33/86 (38) | < 0.001 |
| Parental history of substance abuse (n = 95) | 9/20 (45) | 14/27 (52) | 18/48 (38) | 41/95 (43) | 0.5 |
| Result on screening for traumatic brain injury* | 0.01 | ||||
| Negative | 7/20 (35) | 19/41 (46) | 35/50 (70) | 61/111 (55) | |
| Positive | 13/20 (65) | 22/41 (54) | 15/50 (30) | 50/111 (45) | |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation. *By Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire.