All women included in study | 1 335 615 | 913 572 (68) | 422 043 (32) | – |
Age, yr |
≥35 | 425 567 (32) | 302 677 (71) | 122 890 (29) | 1.00 (ref.) |
< 35 | 910 048 (68) | 610 895 (67) | 299 153 (33) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) |
BMI |
< 18.5 | 52 559 (4) | 33 362 (63) | 19 197 (37) | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) |
18.5–24.9 | 739 362 (55) | 487 685 (66) | 251 677 (34) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) |
25–29.9 | 327 007 (24) | 221 353 (68) | 105 654 (32) | 1.00 (ref.) |
≥ 30 | 216 687 (16) | 171 171 (79) | 45 516 (21) | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) |
Rurality |
Living in a rural community | 220 460 (17) | 150 738 (68) | 69 722 (32) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Living in an urban community | 1 115 155 (83) | 762 834 (68) | 352 321 (32) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) |
Citizenship status |
Canadian citizen | 906 142 (68) | 595 541 (66) | 310 601 (34) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Landed immigrant | 361 008 (27) | 269 735 (75) | 91 273 (25) | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) |
Not a permanent resident | 38 575 (3) | 30 162 (78) | 8413 (22) | 0.51 (0.29–0.92) |
Not stated | 29 890 (2) | 18 134 (61) | 11 756 (39) | – |
Province or territory |
British Columbia | 154 489 (12) | 108 013 (70) | 46 476 (30) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Alberta | 184 882 (14) | 128 611 (70) | 56 271 (30) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) |
Saskatchewan | 45 897 (3) | 31 033 (68) | 14 864 (32) | 1.09 (0.79–1.51) |
Manitoba | 51 182 (4) | 34 438 (67) | 16 744 (33) | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) |
Ontario | 489 425 (37) | 331 731 (68) | 157 694 (32) | 1.13 (0.88–1.44) |
Quebec | 322 111 (24) | 218 648 (68) | 103 463 (32) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) |
New Brunswick | 26 750 (2) | 18 963 (71) | 7787 (29) | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) |
Nova Scotia | 32 174 (2) | 21 398 (67) | 10 776 (33) | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) |
Prince Edward Island | 4800 (<1) | 3434 (72) | 1366 (28) | 1.00 (0.60–1.64) |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 18 046 (1) | 12 754 (71) | 5292 (29) | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) |
Yukon Territory | 1530 (<1) | 1162 (76) | 368 (24) | 0.74 (0.41–1.32) |
Northwest Territories | 2602 (<1) | 2034 (78) | 568 (22) | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) |
Nunavut | 1725 (<1) | 1351 (78) | 374 (22) | 0.57 (0.28–1.15) |
Race or ethnicity |
White | 851 833 (64) | 565 345 (66) | 286 488 (34) | 1.38 (1.17–1.64) |
Indigenous | 71 747 (5) | 43 601 (61) | 28 146 (39) | 1.44 (1.09–1.89) |
Black | 49 849 (4) | 37 082 (74) | 12 767 (26) | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) |
Latin American | 25 117 (2) | 18 910 (75) | 6208 (25) | 0.74 (0.40–1.36) |
Southeast Asian | 20 726 (2) | 15 212 (73) | 5514 (27) | 0.71 (0.34–1.48) |
Other¶ | 316 343 (24) | 233 422 (74) | 82 920 (26) | 0.64 (0.51–0.81) |
Highest level of education |
Less than secondary education | 79 241 (6) | 47 816 (60) | 31 425 (40) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Completed secondary education | 227 086 (17) | 149 996 (66) | 77 090 (34) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) |
Completed postsecondary certificate/degree | 1 022 021 (77) | 710 716 (70) | 311 305 (30) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) |
Not stated | 7267 (1) | 5044 (69) | 2223 (31) | – |
Household income, $ |
< 50 000 | 344 270 (26) | 229 490 (67) | 114 780 (33) | 1.00 (ref.) |
50 000–99 999 | 428 113 (32) | 295 512 (69) | 132 601 (31) | 0.96 (0.81–1.41) |
100 000–149 999 | 311 770 (23) | 212 049 (68) | 99 721 (32) | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) |
≥ 150 000 | 251 462 (19) | 176 521 (70) | 74 941 (30) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) |
Maternal medical conditions |
Anxiety | 145 880 (11) | 88 453 (61) | 57 427 (39) | 1.52 (1.23–1.87) |
Mood disorder | 129 239 (10) | 80 010 (62) | 49 229 (38) | 1.38 (1.11–1.71) |
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2) | 23 791 (2) | 17 631 (74) | 6160 (26) | 0.89 (0.52–1.50) |
Smoked during pregnancy |
Yes | 65 535 (5) | 39 665 (61) | 25 870 (39) | 1.36 (1.03–1.81) |
No | 1 269 378 (95) | 873 742 (69) | 395 637 (31) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Not stated | 702 (<1) | 165 (24) | 537 (76) | 6.99 (0.78–62.70) |
Used alcohol during pregnancy |
Yes | 33 495 (3) | 23 861 (71) | 9634 (29) | 0.88 (0.56–1.39) |
No | 1 301 614 (97) | 889 290 (68) | 412 325 (32) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Not stated | 506 (<1) | 421 (83) | 85 (17) | 0.35 (0.06–2.03) |
Took folic acid during pregnancy |
Yes | 1 194 639 (89) | 812 113 (68) | 382 526 (32) | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) |
No | 128 989 (10) | 92 849 (72) | 36 140 (28) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Not stated | 11 987 (1) | 8609 (72) | 3378 (28) | 0.98 (0.49–1.49) |