Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Characteristics of high and lower antibiotic and opioid initiators and their practices
Characteristic Antibiotic initiators; no. (%) of physicians* Opioid initiators; no. (%) of physicians* Lowest 75%
n = 7496Highest 25%
n = 2498Lowest 75%
n = 7496Highest 25%
n = 2498Physicians Median no. of daily patient visits < 10 528 (7.0) 194 (7.8) 494 (6.6) 228 (9.1) 10–20 3746 (50.0) 1068 (42.8) 3814 (50.9) 1000 (40.0) > 20 3222 (43.0) 1236 (49.5) 3188 (42.5) 1270 (50.8) Age, median (IQR), yr 53 (44–61) 53 (44–61) 51 (42–59) 58 (49–66) Sex Female 3533 (47.1) 933 (37.3) 3784 (50.5) 682 (27.3) Male 3963 (52.9) 1565 (62.7) 3712 (49.5) 1816 (72.7) Years since medical graduation < 11 1644 (21.9) 482 (19.3) 1830 (24.4) 296 (11.8) 11–24 2173 (29.0) 767 (30.7) 2410 (32.2) 530 (21.2) > 24 3679 (49.1) 1249 (50.0) 3256 (43.4) 1672 (66.9) Country of medical school Canada/United States 4661 (62.2) 1527 (61.1) 4525 (60.4) 1663 (66.6) Other 1703 (22.7) 620 (24.8) 1657 (22.1) 666 (26.7) Unknown 1132 (15.1) 351 (14.0) 1314 (17.5) 169 (6.8) Rurality Urban 6791 (90.6) 2296 (91.9) 6891 (91.9) 2196 (87.9) Rural 705 (9.4) 202 (8.1) 605 (8.1) 302 (12.1) Emergency department visits, mean ± SD, % 8.35 ± 22.6 20.9 ± 35.1 14.03 ± 29.3 3.85 ± 14.8 Long-term care visits, mean ± SD, % 2.44 ± 9.9 1.59 ± 8.7 1.03 ± 4.8 5.81 ± 15.2 Roster size, median (IQR) 1101 (752–1540) 1080 (616–1561) 1026 (683–1448) 1303 (893–1729) Practices Age group, mean ± SD, yr < 18 15.6 ± 7.1 17.7 ± 7.0 17.1 ± 7.1 131 ± 6.4 18–64 60.5 ± 10.0 61.3 ± 9.6 62.0 ± 9.0 56.7 ± 11.3 ≥ 65 24.0 ± 12.4 21.0 ± 11.4 20.9 ± 10.2 30.2 ± 14.7 Female sex, mean ± SD, % 57.1 ± 9.1 56.1 ± 6.9 57.7 ± 8.5 54.1 ± 8.2 Neighbourhood income quintile of patient population Low (1–3) 6141 (81.9) 2050 (82.1) 5942 (79.3) 2249 (90.0) High (4–5) 1355 (18.1) 448 (17.9) 1554 (20.7) 249 (10.0) Comorbidities in previous 2 yr, mean ± SD, % Acute myocardial infarction 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.6 Congestive heart failure 0.9 ± 0.9 0.8 ± 0.7 0.8 ± 0.8 1.1 ± 1.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1.2 ± 0.8 1.1 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.7 1.4 ± 0.9 Diabetes 1.6 ± 0.8 1.4 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.7 1.7 ± 0.8 Hypertension 2.3 ± 0.9 2.1 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 1.0 Asthma 0.9 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.5 Mental health condition 20.6 ± 7.8 20.8 ± 6.2 20.6 ± 6.9 20.8 ± 8.9 Health care use in previous 2 yr, mean ± SD, % Hospital admission 14.6 ± 6.3 15.0 ± 6.0 14.4 ± 5.8 15.6 ± 7.3 Emergency department visit 41.9 ± 12.2 46.1 ± 13.7 42.7 ± 12.8 43.8 ± 12.5 Note: IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
- Table 2:
Concordance between high antibiotic-prescribing metrics and high opioid-prescribing metrics (cross opioid–antibiotic class)
Opioid Antibiotic; κ (95% CI)* Initiation Selection Duration Initiation 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) 0.16 (0.14 to 0.19) 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) Selection −0.09 (−0.11 to −0.07) −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00) 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) Duration −0.09 (−0.11 to −0.07) 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) 0.07 (0.05 to 0.09) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Values between −0.01 and −0.20 indicate slight disagreement, values including 0 indicate no agreement, and values between 0.01 and 0.20 indicate slight agreement.