Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current issue
    • Past issues
    • Collections
  • Authors & Reviewers
    • Overview for Authors
    • Preparing manuscripts
    • Submission Checklist
    • Publication Fees
    • Forms
    • Editorial Policies
    • Editorial Process
    • Patient-Oriented Research
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Manuscript Progress
    • Submitting a letter
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Open access
  • Alerts
    • Email alerts
    • RSS
  • About
    • General information
    • Staff
    • Editorial board
    • Contact
  • CMAJ JOURNALS
    • CMAJ
    • CJS
    • JAMC
    • JPN

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
CMAJ Open
  • CMAJ JOURNALS
    • CMAJ
    • CJS
    • JAMC
    • JPN
CMAJ Open

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current issue
    • Past issues
    • Collections
  • Authors & Reviewers
    • Overview for Authors
    • Preparing manuscripts
    • Submission Checklist
    • Publication Fees
    • Forms
    • Editorial Policies
    • Editorial Process
    • Patient-Oriented Research
    • Submit a manuscript
    • Manuscript Progress
    • Submitting a letter
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Open access
  • Alerts
    • Email alerts
    • RSS
  • About
    • General information
    • Staff
    • Editorial board
    • Contact
  • Subscribe to our alerts
  • RSS feeds
  • Follow CMAJ Open on Twitter
Research
Open Access

Service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment in Canada: 2 sequential environmental scans

Erin Eydt, Stephanie Glegg, Christy Sutherland, Karine Meador, Michael Trew, Michel Perreault, Marie-Ève Goyer, Bernard Le Foll, Jeffrey Turnbull and Nadia Fairbairn
February 23, 2021 9 (1) E115-E124; DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200021
Erin Eydt
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Stephanie Glegg
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Christy Sutherland
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Karine Meador
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Michael Trew
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Michel Perreault
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Marie-Ève Goyer
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Bernard Le Foll
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jeffrey Turnbull
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Nadia Fairbairn
British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (Eydt, Glegg, Sutherland, Fairbairn); Department of Medicine (Glegg, Fairbairn), University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Sutherland), University of British Columbia; PHS Community Services Society (Sutherland), Vancouver, BC; Alberta Health Services (Meador), Royal Alexandra Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Meador), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Alberta Health Services (Trew), Foothills Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry (Trew), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychiatry (Perreault), McGill University; Douglas Hospital Research Centre (Perreault); Department of Family Medicine (Goyer), University of Montreal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Le Foll), Toronto, Ont.; Ottawa Inner City Health (Turnbull), Ottawa, Ont.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Tables
  • Related Content
  • Responses
  • Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Tables

Figures

  • Tables
  • Figure 1:
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    Figure 1:

    Timeline of injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT) program start and end dates (where applicable).

Tables

  • Figures
    • View popup
    Table 1:

    Summary of service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment by organization

    Organization*ProgramCityProvince†Start dateService delivery model‡
    PHS Community Services SocietyA: PHS Housing§VancouverBCSept. 2016Embedded and integrated; supported housing
    B: Columbia Street Community ClinicVancouverBCMar. 2017Pharmacy based
    C: Molson iOAT ClinicVancouverBCJan. 2018Embedded and integrated; overdose prevention site — separate entrance and injection space
    D: Molson Tablet iOAT ProgramVancouverBCJan. 2019Embedded and integrated; overdose prevention site — shared entrance and injection space
    Providence Health CareE: St. Paul’s HospitalVancouverBCJuly 2017¶Hospital based; inpatient within ward setting
    F: Crosstown Clinic**VancouverBCAug. 2017Comprehensive and dedicated; standalone clinic
    Vancouver Native Health SocietyG: Vancouver Native Health ClinicVancouverBCAug. 2017Pharmacy based
    Vancouver Coastal HealthH: Downtown Community Health CentreVancouverBCJune 2018Embedded and integrated; community health centre — shared entrance, separate injection space
    Fraser HealthI: Lookout iOAT ClinicSurreyBCJune 2018Embedded and integrated; community health centre — separate entrance and injection space
    Ottawa Inner City HealthJ: Shepherds of Good Hope ShelterOttawaONNov. 2017Embedded and integrated; shelter
    K: Ottawa Mission HospiceOttawaONMay 2018Embedded and integrated; hospice
    L: John Howard HousingOttawaONAug. 2018Embedded and integrated; supported housing
    Alberta Health Services (N: in partnership with Inner City Health and Wellness)M: Sheldon M. Chumir Health CentreCalgaryABOct. 2018Comprehensive and dedicated; colocated with community health centre
    N: Royal Alexandra HospitalEdmontonABOct. 2018Hospital based; inpatient (and outpatient temporarily until community clinic opens) via hospital supervised consumption site
    • Note: AB = Alberta, BC = British Columbia, iOAT = injectable opioid agonist treatment, ON = Ontario, PHS = Portland Hotel Society.

    • ↵* Regional health authorities and community not-for-profit organizations, commonly with an operational or funding partnership.

    • ↵† Canadian provinces reporting iOAT programs as of Mar. 1, 2019, were BC, ON and AB.

    • ↵‡ Based on diverse pharmacy partnerships for dispensing, including private and health authority facilities located onsite, in the community or in a hospital.

    • ↵§ PHS operates 3 supported housing units in which iOAT has been offered as of Mar. 1, 2019; this housing program is implemented at all units by the same staff members.

    • ↵¶ Start date represents initiation of formal prescribing within the hospital using preprinted orders; iOAT was prescribed earlier using other methods.

    • ↵** Site of 2 iOAT clinical trials running between 2005 and 2014; start date refers to the date on which new clients (other than participants in the clinical trials) began receiving iOAT.

    • View popup
    Table 2:

    Summary of clinical and operational characteristics of injectable opioid agonist treatment programs

    ProgramHours*Core onsite staff†iOAT‡Capacity (no. of clients); scanNo. of available daily doses; scanDose access structure;§ scan
    Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)
    A: PHS Housing6–7Nurses, mental health workers (depending on housing unit)HDM6622OpenOpen
    B: Columbia Street Community Clinic6.75¶Nurses, peer support workers, pharmacists, pharmacist techniciansHDM65¶–2–Open–
    C: Molson iOAT Clinic7Nurses, mental health workers, peer support workersHDM306022OpenOpen
    D: Molson Tablet iOAT Program9Nurses, mental health workers, peer support workerstHDM–60–5–Open
    E: St. Paul’s Hospital24All inpatient service staffHDMNo limitNo limit********
    F: Crosstown Clinic13.5Nurses, clinic assistantsHDM
    DAM
    130–145130–14533GroupOpen
    G: Vancouver Native Health Clinic6.75¶Nurses, peer support workers, pharmacists, pharmacist techniciansHDM65¶–2–Open–
    H: Downtown Community Health Centre7Nurses, physicians, nurse practitioners, community liaison workers, pharmacists, pharmacist techniciansHDM141422OpenOpen
    I: Lookout iOAT Clinic10Nurses, harm reduction workers, clinic coordinatorsHDM505022GroupOpen
    J: Shepherds of Good Hope Shelter24Client care workersHDM6674–5OpenOpen
    K: Ottawa Mission Hospice24Nurse coordinatorsHDM8874–5OpenOpen
    L: John Howard Housing24Nurse coordinatorsHDM212174–5OpenOpen
    M: Sheldon M. Chumir Health Centre10.5Nurses, peer support workers, clinic managers, office assistantsHDM–35–3–Group
    N: Royal Alexandra Hospital9Nurses, physicians, peer support workers, addiction counsellors, office assistantHDM–15–3–Booking
    • Note: DAM = diacetylmorphine, HDM = hydromorphone, iOAT = injectable opioid agonist treatment, tHDM = tablet hydromorphone.

    • ↵* The approximate amount of time the program was available for clients per day (may include closure for staff breaks or handover sessions).

    • ↵† Staff available during all opening hours and providing the foundation for day-to-day operations. Other staff (e.g., physician, psychiatrist, dietitian) were available at varying times.

    • ↵‡ Available iOAT medications: liquid HDM, liquid DAM (medical heroin) and tHDM.

    • ↵§ Several dose access structures were in use: open = clients attended any time, group = clients were allocated to a treatment group with specified times, booking = clients received individual appointments.

    • ↵¶ The Columbia Street Community Clinic and the Vancouver Native Health Clinic shared a single community pharmacy partner for maintenance doses; these data represent the pharmacy characteristics only.

    • ↵** As clinically indicated during acute care admission; iOAT dose administered directly by nursing staff.

    • View popup
    Table 3:

    Summary of clients’ characteristics by injectable opioid agonist treatment program, with national-level tallies

    ProgramTotal no. of client starts; scanNo. of active clients;* scanNo. on wait list; scanAge, yr, mean (range)No. of clients; scan; gender
    Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)
    Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)Scan 1 (Sept. 2018)Scan 2 (Mar. 2019)FMT†FMT†
    A–D: All PHS programs‡§286312671190112‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡
     tHDM–60
    E: St. Paul’s Hospital‡‡‡8800‡‡260260
    F: Crosstown Clinic25929112612534540044 (21–69)44 (21–69)3194139851
     DAM106107
    G: Vancouver Native Health Clinic10–1–0–53 (53)–010–––
    H: Downtown Community Health Centre7184110051 (36–68)48 (36–68)130470
    I: Lookout iOAT Clinic377722180045 (30–61)44 (27–62)41804140
    J–L: All Ottawa Inner City Health programs‡26292222≥ 55≥ 7540 (25–57)43 (25–57)1111012100
    M: Sheldon M. Chumir Health Centre–45–22–0–35 (22–48)–––4180
    N: Royal Alexandra Hospital–9–6–0–44 (29–64)–––330
    National-level tallies625781250331≥ 400≥ 58747 (21–69)43 (21–69)491331681431
    • Note: DAM = diacetylmorphine, F= female, iOAT = injectable opioid agonist treatment, M = male, T = transgender or nonbinary, tHDM = tablet hydromorphone.

    • ↵* Clients receiving at least 1 dose of iOAT in the 7 days before the scan reference date. All numbers represent clients receiving liquid hydromorphone except where programs provided DAM or tHDM (tablet iOAT) in addition to liquid hydromorphone; in these cases, the number of active clients receiving DAM and tHDM is reported underneath the total number of active clients, to indicate the size of these specific client groups.

    • ↵† There was variable reporting for this gender category across sites.

    • ↵‡ Data not available or data stratified by program not available where more than 1 program was operated by a single organization.

    • ↵§ Age and gender data available only at follow-up for the 312 client starts: mean age 41 (20–73) yr, 230 men (74%), 77 women (25%), 5 transgender or nonbinary people (2%).

    • View popup
    Table 4:

    Frequency with which barriers and facilitators of injectable opioid agonist programs for ongoing service delivery were reported

    BarriersNo. (%) of programsFacilitatorsNo. (%) of programs
    Limited program capacity7 (50)Client-centred care (e.g., responsive to client goals and needs)13 (93)
    Pharmacy operations (e.g., dispensing delays, inadequate missed dose or dose adjustment protocols, lack of community pharmacy partner options for maintenance doses or syringe preparation)6 (43)Relationships with clients (e.g., rapport, trust, sense of community, client involvement in care plan)10 (71)
    Lack of diacetylmorphine access (i.e., medical heroin)5 (36)Access to ancillary services (e.g., other health and social services to provide wraparound care)7 (50)
    Strength of available medication too low (e.g., only 10 mg/mL in Ontario)5 (36)Strong relationship with community partners (e.g., overdose outreach team, other health services such as primary care, community iOAT service providers)7 (50)
    Physical space restrictions5 (36)Low-barrier access (e.g., service in supported housing)6 (43)
    Inadequate staff coverage or capacity4 (29)Harm reduction approach5 (36)
    Issues associated with oral OAT provision (e.g., none onsite, lack of access to preferred medication)4 (29)Rapid and simple process for new starts (e.g., same day)5 (36)
    Issues associated with management of stimulant use (e.g., ongoing concurrent use, presence of fentanyl and carfentanil in stimulants)4 (29)Peer workers to support engagement and clinical flow5 (36)
    Inadequate ancillary services and facilities (e.g., lack of community housing and counselling support)4 (29)Active client follow-up to support engagement4 (29)
    Challenges with continuity of care (e.g., from community to jail, prison or acute care; from acute care to community)4 (29)Pharmacy relationship (e.g., onsite pharmacy, strong partnership with community pharmacy dispensing iOAT)4 (29)
    Treatment induction issues (e.g., lag time between eligibility approval and first dose, inadequate titration protocols, prolonged wait times for split doses)3 (21)Housing First approach (e.g., shelter into housing)2 (14)
    Limited opening hours3 (21)Well-trained and knowledgeable nursing staff2 (14)
    Issues associated with group allocation as dose access structure (e.g., access barrier for clients, management challenges for staff)3 (21)Multiple physician prescribers to provide adequate cover for assessments, dose adjustments and oral OAT1
    Inadequate client records or tracking (e.g., paper-based records, lack of monitoring and active follow-up to support engagement)2 (14)Access to diacetylmorphine (i.e., medical heroin)1
    Challenges associated with engaging clients (e.g., clinical adherence, following rules and responsibilities of service)2 (14)Regular communication within a multidisciplinary team1
    Lack of programming for specific groups: females, youth, Indigenous people (e.g., female-only sessions)1Onsite provision of all medications prescribed to client1
    Lack of access to brand-name medications (i.e., access to generic hydromorphone only)1Establishment of a provincial reference number for hydromorphone dispensing within electronic system1
    • Note: Barriers and facilitators are reported only once when: a) reported in baseline and follow-up; b) barriers/facilitators fall within the same theme for the same program.

    • Participants reported barriers and facilitators in response to open-ended questions. iOAT = injectable opioid agonist treatment, OAT = opioid agonist treatment.

PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

CMAJ Open: 9 (1)
Vol. 9, Issue 1
1 Jan 2021
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author

Article tools

Respond to this article
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
To sign up for email alerts or to access your current email alerts, enter your email address below:
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on CMAJ Open.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment in Canada: 2 sequential environmental scans
(Your Name) has sent you a message from CMAJ Open
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the CMAJ Open web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment in Canada: 2 sequential environmental scans
Erin Eydt, Stephanie Glegg, Christy Sutherland, Karine Meador, Michael Trew, Michel Perreault, Marie-Ève Goyer, Bernard Le Foll, Jeffrey Turnbull, Nadia Fairbairn
Jan 2021, 9 (1) E115-E124; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200021

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Service delivery models for injectable opioid agonist treatment in Canada: 2 sequential environmental scans
Erin Eydt, Stephanie Glegg, Christy Sutherland, Karine Meador, Michael Trew, Michel Perreault, Marie-Ève Goyer, Bernard Le Foll, Jeffrey Turnbull, Nadia Fairbairn
Jan 2021, 9 (1) E115-E124; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200021
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like

Related Articles

  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Similar Articles

Content

  • Current issue
  • Past issues
  • Collections
  • Alerts
  • RSS

Authors & Reviewers

  • Overview for Authors
  • Preparing manuscripts
  • Manuscript Submission Checklist
  • Publication Fees
  • Forms
  • Editorial Policies
  • Editorial Process
  • Patient-Oriented Research
  • Submit a manuscript
  • Manuscript Progress
  • Submitting a letter
  • Information for Reviewers

About

  • General Information
  • Staff
  • Editorial Board
  • Contact Us
  • Advertising
  • Media
  • Reprints
  • Copyright and Permissions
  • Accessibility
  • CMA Civility Standards
CMAJ Group

Copyright 2023, CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors. All rights reserved. ISSN 2291-0026

All editorial matter in CMAJ OPEN represents the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the Canadian Medical Association or its subsidiaries.

To receive any of these resources in an accessible format, please contact us at CMAJ Group, 500-1410 Blair Towers Place, Ottawa ON, K1J 9B9; p: 1-888-855-2555; e: [email protected].

View CMA's Accessibility policy.

 

Powered by HighWire