Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1:
Prevalence of overweight, obesity and severe obesity among children aged 18 years or less from 2004 to 2015. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals.
- Figure 2:
Multinomial regression model of the association between year (compared to 2004) and prevalence of overweight (top), obesity (middle) and severe obesity (bottom) among children aged 18 years or less. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Tables
Age, yr Body mass index z-score category; weight status < −2 ≥ −2 to ≤ 1 > 1 to ≤ 2 > 2 to ≤ 3 > 3 ≥ 5 Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obese Severely obese < 5 Underweight Normal weight At risk for overweight Overweight Obese - Table 2:
Baseline characteristics of children in EMRALD, Jan. 1, 2014–Dec. 31, 2015, and the Ontario population of children aged 18 years or less as of Jan. 1, 2015
Characteristic No. (%) of children Standardized difference p value EMRALD cohort
n = 31 272Ontario
n = 2 824 213Age, yr ≤ 4 15 089 (48.2) 591 178 (20.9) 0.60 < 0.001 5–9 6907 (22.1) 774 140 (27.4) 0.12 10–14 5616 (18.0) 783 517 (27.7) 0.23 15–18 3660 (11.7) 675 378 (23.9) 0.32 Sex Female 15 476 (49.5) 1 375 466 (48.7) 0.02 0.006 Male 15 796 (50.5) 1 448 747 (51.3) 0.02 Neighbourhood income quintile* 1 (lowest) 4255 (13.6) 516 726 (18.3) 0.13 < 0.001 2 5979 (19.1) 507 046 (18.0) 0.03 3 6818 (21.8) 562 377 (19.9) 0.05 4 7047 (22.5) 639 624 (22.6) 0.00 5 (highest) 7018 (22.4) 585 113 (20.7) 0.04 Missing 155 (0.5) 13 327 (0.5) 0.00 Rural* No 26 199 (83.8) 2 522 659 (89.3) 0.16 < 0.001 Yes 5073 (16.2) 300 371 (10.6) 0.16 Missing 0 (0.0) 1183 (0.04) 0.03 Immigration status Child is immigrant 523 (1.7) 220 095 (7.8) 0.29 < 0.001 Mother is immigrant 3365 (10.8) 524 378 (18.6) 0.22 < 0.001 Ethnicity* General population 29 976 (95.9) 2 568 987 (91.0) 0.20 < 0.001 Chinese 847 (2.7) 135 869 (4.8) 0.11 South Asian 442 (1.4) 117 957 (4.2) 0.17 Missing 7 (0.02) 1400 (0.05) 0.01 Chronic disease Asthma 3708 (11.9) 547 603 (19.4) 0.21 < 0.001 Diabetes 76 (0.2) 12 644 (0.4) 0.03 < 0.001 Complex chronic or congenital condition 1541 (4.9) 114 769 (4.1) 0.04 < 0.001 Note: EMRALD = Electronic Medical Records Administrative data Linked Database.
↵* Missing data are due to missing/incorrect postal code or missing/wrong name in patient’s record.
Age group, yr No. of children Body mass index z-score category; % of children (95% CI) < −2 ≥ −2 to ≤ 1 > 1 to ≤ 2 > 2 to ≤ 3 > 3 All children ≤ 4 15 089 4.8 (4.5 to 5.1) 75.5 (74.8 to 76.1) 14.7 (14.1 to 15.2) 4.2 (3.9 to 4.5) 0.9 (0.7 to 1.0) 5–9 6907 2.3 (1.9 to 2.7) 72.7 (71.7 to 73.8) 15.1 (14.3 to 15.9) 7.0 (10.6 to 12.1) 2.7 (2.3 to 3.1) 10–14 5616 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) 62.9 (61.6 to 64.2) 21.1 (20.0 to 22.2) 10.8 (10.0 to 11.6) 2.9 (2.4 to 3.3) 15–18 3660 1.9 (1.4 to 2.3) 67.1 (65.6 to 68.6) 18.1 (16.9 to 19.4) 9.1 (8.2 to 10.1) 3.7 (3.1 to 4.3) Total 31 272 3.4 (3.2 to 3.6) 71.6 (71.1 to 72.1) 16.3 (15.9 to 16.7) 6.6 (6.3 to 6.8) 2.0 (1.8 to 2.1) Boys ≤ 4 7683 5.0 (4.5 to 5.5) 73.7 (72.7 to 74.7) 15.3 (14.5 to 16.1) 4.8 (4.3 to 5.3) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.4) 5–9 3552 2.2 (1.8 to 2.8) 71.3 (69.7 to 72.7) 15.3 (14.2 to 16.5) 7.4 (6.5 to 8.3) 3.5 (2.9 to 4.2) 10–14 2824 2.4 (1.9 to 3.1) 61.5 (59.7 to 63.3) 20.5 (19.0 to 22.0) 12.2 (11.0 to 13.4) 3.3 (2.7 to 4.0) 15–18 1737 2.8 (2.0 to 3.6) 64.1 (61.8 to 66.4) 19.2 (17.4 to 21.1) 10.2 (8.9 to 11.8) 3.5 (2.7 to 4.0) Total 15 796 3.7 (3.4 to 4.0) 69.9 (69.2 to 70.6) 16.6 (16.1 to 17.2) 7.3 (6.9 to 7.7) 2.3 (2.1 to 2.6) Girls ≤ 4 7406 4.5 (4.1 to 5.0) 77.3 (76.3 to 78.3) 14.0 (13.2 to 14.8) 3.5 (3.1 to 4.0) 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) 5–9 3355 2.3 (1.8 to 2.9) 74.2 (72.7 to 75.7) 14.8 (13.7 to 16.1) 6.6 (5.8 to 7.5) 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2) 10–14 2792 2.0 (1.5 to 2.6) 64.4 (62.6 to 66.1) 21.8 (20.2 to 23.3) 9.4 (8.4 to 10.6) 2.4 (2.0 to 3.0) 15–18 1923 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) 69.8 (67.7 to 71.8) 17.2 (15.5 to 18.9) 8.0 (6.9 to 9.4) 3.8 (3.0 to 4.8) Total 15 476 3.2 (2.9 to 3.4) 73.4 (72.7 to 74.1) 16.0 (15.4 to 16.6) 5.8 (5.5 to 6.2) 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8) Note: CI = confidence interval.
- Table 4:
Adjusted linear regression model of the association of year on body mass index z-score, 2004–2015
Variable Unadjusted estimate (95% CI) Adjusted estimate (95% CI)* Year −0.0146 (−0.0177 to −0.0115) −0.0153 (−0.0184 to −0.0123) Age 0.049 (0.0476 to 0.0511) 0.0496 (0.0478 to 0.0514) Income quintile 1 0.0802 (0.0473 to 0.1131) 0.1427 (0.105 to 0.1804) 2 0.0734 (0.0430 to 0.1039) 0.1162 (0.0843 to 0.1481) 3 0.0627 (0.0338 to 0.0916) 0.0931 (0.0645 to 0.1217) 4 0.0383 (0.0145 to 0.0099) 0.0644 (0.0365 to 0.0924) 5 Reference Reference Sex Female −0.0609 (−0.0813 to −0.0404) −0.0703 (−0.0902 to −0.0503) Male Reference Reference Residence Rural 0.1174 (0.0915 to 0.1434) 0.0911 (0.0656 to 0.1166) Urban Reference Reference Ontario Marginalization Score (continuous) −0.0133 (−0.0261 to −0.0006) −0.0178 (−0.0328 to −0.0028) Ethnicity General population Reference Reference Chinese −0.2745 (−0.3393 to −0.2097) −0.2063 (−0.2703 to −0.1424) South Asian −0.4649 (−0.5604 to −0.3694) −0.3954 (−0.4858 to −0.3049) Household immigrant status (reference = no) −0.0916 (−0.1241 to −0.0591) −0.0227 (−0.0552 to 0.0098) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Adjusted for age, sex, rural residence, neighbourhood income quintile, Ontario Marginalization Index, immigration status and ethnicity.
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Temporal trends in severe obesity prevalence in children and youth from primary care electronic medical records in Ontario: a repeated cross-sectional study
