Increasing prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis among children in Quebec: a population-based retrospective cohort study

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Figure 1:
Prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diabetes onset over time. Note: CI = confidence interval, DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis. The age-standardized DKA prevalence increased over time among 5741 children with diabetes (from 22% [95% CI 17%–26%] in 2001 to 30% [95% CI 24%–36%] in 2014).

Table 1:

Crude proportions and adjusted rate ratios of diabetic ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis

Characteristic	No. (%) of patients with DKA, by characteristic	Adjusted rate ratio (95% CI)^*
Age group, yr
1–4	296 (29.1)	1.00
5–11	659 (30.1)	1.03 (0.92–1.16)
12–17	526 (20.5)	0.70 (0.62–0.79)
Sex
Male	793 (26.5)	1.00
Female	678 (24.7)	0.96 (0.92–1.01)
SES^†
Least deprived	597 (24.7)	1.00
Moderately deprived	295 (26.5)	1.09 (0.97–1.23)
Most deprived	528 (26.1)	1.06 (0.96–1.18)
Rural status^‡
Urban, population > 100 000	956 (25.2)	1.00
Small cities, 10 000–100 000	205 (29.2)	1.16 (1.02–1.32)
Rural, < 10 000	294 (24.4)	0.95 (0.85–1.06)

Note: CI = confidence interval, DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, SES = socioeconomic status.
↵* Poisson regression was conducted to adjust for age group, sex, socioeconomic status, rural status and year.
↵† SES was derived from combined social and material deprivation indices. Data on SES were missing for 189 children: 138 without DKA and 51 with DKA. Social and material quintiles were combined into a 5 × 5 table, and the 25 combined categories were grouped into 3 categories: least deprived, moderately deprived and most deprived.
↵‡ Data on rural status were missing for 48 children: 32 without DKA and 16 with DKA.